1954 Supplement to the 
METAL CLEANING 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS 


Prepared by 
JAY C. HARRIS 



Special Technical Publication No. 90-C 


Published by the 

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa. 


mwW 















1954 Supplement to the 
METAL CLEANING 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS 


Prepared by 
JAY C. HARRIS 

ii 



Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. 


Special Technical Publication No. 90-C 


,y Published by the 

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 
1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa. 





COPYRIGHT, 1954 



BY THE 

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS 




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Printed in Baltimore, Md. t U. S. A. 
November, 1954 


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CONTENTS 

Foreword —Jay C. Harris. 

Bibliographical Abstracts: 

Additional References for 1907—1951. 

New References for 1952— 1954. 

Subject Index. 

Author Index . 

Specification Index . 

Patent Index . 



PAGE 

1 

. 2 
. 11 
. 29 
. 35 
.. 38 


39 














































































































1954 SUPPLEMENT 
to the 

METAL CLEANING 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS 

PREPARED BY JAY C. HARRIS 1 


FOREWORD 

This 1954 Supplement to the ASTM special technical publication No. 90 on 
“Metal Cleaning, Bibliographical Abstracts 0 is intended to bring up to date 
the coverage by this bibliography of the published data on metal cleaning. 
New references total 227. 

This 1954 book supplements the 1953 edition (STP 90B) which was a com¬ 
bined publication of all references from 1842 to 1951. Therefore this supple¬ 
ment (STP90C) with the 1953 combined bibliography (STP90B) contains all 
available references for the years 1842 — 1953. The references are arranged 
by year and secondarily by author or by the journal in which the article ap¬ 
peared if anonymous. The same system has been followed in this supplement. 

The references are numbered consecutively. Additional references that fall 
within the dates covered by a previous edition have capital letters appended 
to numbers to indicate their correct position, thus: 72A, 72B. Later references 
that have to be inserted where* capital letters are already in use have been 
given lower case letters (for example, 72a) to indicate references prior to 72A. 

In order to facilitate reference to the abstracts they have been thoroughly 
indexed in the following four ways: 

Subject Index 
Author Index 
Specification Index 
P atent Index 

An improvement has been made in the specifications index. The listings 
have been grouped together according to issuing agency. Specification number 
and date have been added to the abstract number. The previous method for 
indexing did not prove particularly useful. 

Wherever possible the original articles have been abstracted. In a field of 
such size, to read and abstract each original reference is virtually impossible 
of accomplishment, so that many articles which appear herein are re-abstracts 
from journals such as Chemical Abstracts or Journal of the Institute of Metals. 

' Asst. Dir. Research, Monsanto Chemical Co., Dayton, Ohio. 


1 




BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS 


1907-1954 

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FOR 1907 TO 1951 


1907 

(lb) W. H. Walker, “The Corrosion of 
Iron and Steel," Journal, Am. Chemical Soc., 
Vol. 29, pp. 1251-1264 (1907). 

Used potassium ferricyanide to show 
points of corrosion evidenced by liberation 
of hydrogen and formation of bright red area 
at oxidized surface. This was utilized to 
show areas of nonred color, where soil was 
retained. 


1923 

(5C) M. H. Devaux, “La Mouillabilite 
d'une Surface/' Le Journal de Physique et 
le Radium, Vol. 4, Series 6, pp. 293-309 
(1923). 

Concerned with films of Japan wax (tri- 
palmitin) on glass, but refers to possible 
application to metal surfaces. Preferred 
water break method for estimation of clean¬ 
liness. 


1930 

(32D) D. J. Macnaughtan, “The Determin¬ 
ation of the Porosity of Electro Deposits," 
Transactions, Faraday Soc., Vol. 26, pp. 
465-481 (1930). 

Potassium ferricyanide adsorbed on paper 
to show sites of localized corrosion. Des¬ 
cribes both a jelly and a paper test. The 
preferred mixture comprised: 


Sodium chloride. 60 g 

Potassium ferricyanide. 10g 

Potassium ferrocyanide. lOg 

Water. 1000 cc 


Typist copying paper is satisfactory and is 
preferred to filter paper. It is immersed 
for 30 min in the solution. Prepared papers 
are dried and stored in dark to prevent 
partial decomposition of potassium ferri¬ 
cyanide. In use the paper is moistened, ap¬ 
plied to the metal surface for several 
minutes, removed, and rinsed; when dry it 
is a permanent record. 


1935 

(79B) R. B. Mears and U. R. Evans, “The 


Probability of Corrosion," Transactions, 
Faraday Soc., Vol. 31, Part 1, pp. 527-542 
(1935). 

Corrosion test methods either by “square 
drop" or “scratch lines". The square drop 
method comprised generally 108 3-by 3-mm 
squares per test piece, the square areas de¬ 
fined by paraffin. Exposure of the test 
piece to corrosive agents then accomplished, 
and corrosion reduced to a numerical rating. 
The scratch-line technique utilized a cell 
technique, except that within each cell was 
scratched a line of known length and depth. 


1941 

(134B) N. K. Adam, “The Physics and 
Chemistry of Surfaces," Oxford University 
Press, London, 3rd Edition, 436 pages (1941). 

Frequent reference to the theory of clean¬ 
ing and clean surfaces as applied to metals. 

1946 

(394C) L. M. Oldt, “Protective and Decora¬ 
tive Treatment of Magnesium," Light Metal 
Age, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 10-13 (1946); Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 40, p. 4646 (1946). 

Formulas given for suitable cleaning and 
protective treatments. 


1948 

(486B) J. Sinton, “Chemical Descaling 
of Boilers," Australasian Engineer, pp. 51- 
54 (March, 1948); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 
46, p. 6298 (1952). 

A 33 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid 
is circulated through the tubes of the boiler. 
Alkali-phosphate solutions are successful 
over a period of time. Principal advantages 
of chemical descaling are: reduced time of 
layoff and dismantling, cleaner surfaces, and 
fewer replacements. 


1949 

(492A) “Principles of Electrolytic Clean¬ 
ing (of Steel) and Their Application to H. M. 
Ships," Admiralty Corrosion Committee, 


2 






BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


3 


Hull Corrosion, Sul. Com. ACSIL/ADM/48/- 
771; Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., Vol. 161, 
p. 264 (1949); British Abstracts, BI-7, p. 

729 (1950). 

Details given for cathodic cleaning and de¬ 
rusting by using sea water as the electrolyte. 
Factors involved in design of anode systems, 
in electrolysis, and time requirements dis¬ 
cussed and illustrated by theoretical examples. 

(504B) G. C. Cox, “Marine Electrocleaning 
and Electropickling Apparatus,” U. S. Patent 
No. 2,476,286, August 19, 1949; British Ab¬ 
stracts, BI-7, p. 517 (1951). 

Arrangement of shields about hull to main¬ 
tain circulation of sea water and a high cur¬ 
rent density at a given area. 

(504C) Crown Cork and Seal Co., Inc., 
“Cleaning of Strip Steel Prior to Annealing,” 
British Patent No. 659,933, April 5, 1949; 
British Abstracts, BI-5, p. 233 (1952). 

Palm oil applied to steel strip removed by 
combustion in controlled nonoxidizing atmos¬ 
phere as in annealing chamber and heat of 
combustion of oil used to raise temperature 
of strip to annealing temperature. 

(510D) M. Frager and J. Iserson, “Elec¬ 
trolytic Removal of Resin from Metal,” U. S. 
Patent No. 2,480,845, Sept. 6, 1949; British 
Abstracts, BI-7, p. 1293 (1952). 

Synthetic resin removed from ferrous 
metals by making the metal anodic or cathodic 
in 15 per cent aqueous sodium hydroxide at 
93-104 F using a current density of 13 to 27 
amps per sq ft. 


1950 

(574A) Gebr. Bohler & Co. A.-G., “Descal¬ 
ing Metal Articles,” Austrian Patent No. 
166,058, June 10, 1950; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 46, p. 6581 (1952). 

Articles from iron, steel, copper or copper 
alloys are descaled without deleteriously af¬ 
fecting the surfaces thereof by dipping them 
into molten salt mixtures melting below 250 
F, drying the coatings so obtained, and re¬ 
moving them together with the adhering rust, 
scale, etc. 

(595A) G. Fischer, “Corrosion Protection 
in the Cleaning of Evaporators with Mixed 
(Metal) Tubing,” Korrespondenzbriefe 
Zuckerfabrik., No. 5, pp. 4-5 (1950); Sugar 
Industry Abstracts, Vol. 12, p. 124 (1950); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 11117 (1953). 

Tests with “Lithsolvent EB showed that 
it gave equal protection, with 2 per cent hy¬ 
drochloric acid, for iron alone or for copper 
tubes in iron plates. With 7 per cent acid 
however, the protection is very much less. 


(595B) H. M. Frend and J. Frasch, “Clean¬ 
ing and Protecting Metals, ’ French Patent 
No. 966,785, October 18, 1950; Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 46, p. 4990 (1952). 

A composition which both degreases and 
protects metals is made comprising ethanol, 
pyridine, triethanolamine, and chromic oxide. 

(616A) J. S. Kirkpatrick, “Surface Protec¬ 
tion of Magnesium,” Modern Metals, Vol. 6, 
pp. 36-38 (1950); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 

45, p. 10179 (1951). 

Techniques of protection discussed. Clean¬ 
ing of magnesium done in an alkali soak of 
15 min in 10 per cent sodium hydroxide at 
200 F. Parts are then immersed in chromic 
acid bath for 1 to 3 min at room tem¬ 
perature. Pickling follows in a chrome 
solution with bifluoride in place of hydro¬ 
fluoric acid. 

(620A) G. R. Landi, “Descaling of Metals,” 
Metallurgie, Vol. 82, pp. 795-798 (1950); 
British Abstracts, BI-4, p. 63 (1952). 

Discussion of trend from chemical descal¬ 
ing to sand blasting. Technique, economy and 
hygienic aspects of descaling and character¬ 
istics of inhibitors described. 

(632A) Remover, Fingerprint, Military 
Specification MIL-R-15074 ($hips), March 15, 
1950. 

Requirements include removal of synthetic 
fingerprints, corrosion, removability, flash¬ 
point, etc. Cold rolled 4 by 2 by 1/8-in. low 
carbon steel panels are polished to maximum 
roughness, of 40 microinches, cleaned with 
benzol or drycleaning solvent, and stored in 
a desiccator prior to use for not more than 
24 hr. Handled in tongs and after benzol 
cleaning are rinsed in boiling methanol be¬ 
fore using. Panels to be used within 30 min 
after final rinse in boiling methanol. All 
tests in triplicate in air conditioned room at 
75 + 3 F with maximum humidity of 55 per 
cent. Panels soiled with synthetic finger¬ 
print solution of C. P. chemicals: Sodium 
chloride 7 g, urea 1 g, lactic acid 4 g. Equal 
parts of methanol and distilled water are 
added to make one liter. 

Two drops of the solution (approximately 
0.1 ml) dropped from burette onto a clean 
dry glass plate. A No. 6 rubber stopper ap¬ 
proximately 1 sq in. on the smaller face is 
roughened with emery cloth, dipped into the 
solution on the glass plate and printed onto 
prepared panels. Panels then cured within 5 
sec in a high velocity oven at 220 + 2 F for 
5 min and cooled. After 10 min panels 
transferred to slushing machine with length 
of stroke 4 in. and a speed of 40 + 5 cycles 
per min in fingerprint remover solution for 
2 min. Removed and rinsed with benzol until 
free from remover, air dried and dipped into 


/ 


4 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


melted petrolatum, transferred to humidity 
cabinet after 24 hr aging, for 120 hr. No 
visible signs of rust signify test qualification. 

(639A) J. C. Muller, “Solution Inhibitors 
for Aluminum in Sodium Hydroxide Solutions, * 
Revista de la facultad de quimica industrial 
y agricola, Vol. 19, No. 32, pp. 92-96 (1950); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 45, p. 6144 (1951). 

Weight loss of 99.5 per cent aluminum in 
0.3 N sodium hydroxide solutions for 1 hr, 
measured with several inhibitors. Meat 
peptone, 0.3 per cent reduced the loss 70 per 
cent. Mannite showed loss at low concentra¬ 
tions, but behaved as an inhibitor at higher. 
Tragacanth was also effective. 

(639B) A. Nagel, “Solution for Removing 
Corroded Layers from Metals,” Swiss Patent 
No. 269,804, July 31, 1950, Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 45, p. 7948 (1951). 

Rust or copper oxides are removed by a 
solution composed of water 880, phosphoric 
acid 120 ml, tartaric acid 8.0, pyrogallol 3.8, 
and potassium chloride 5.5 g. 

(666A) H. G. Verner and L. S. Wood (to Du- 
Lite Chem. Corp.), “Phosphate Coating of 
Metal Parts,” U. S. Patent No. 2,515,934, 

July 18, 1950; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 44, 
p. 8311 (1950); 

Parts of steel, cast iron and some non- 
ferrous metals (except aluminum and cad¬ 
mium plated metals) are phosphatized without 
separate degreasing operation by use of phos- 
phatizing liquid consisting of 1 to 7 per cent 
(2 to 4 per cent) concentrated phosphoric acid 
dissolved in organic solvent such as acetone 
to which carbon tetrachloride is added to 
raise the flash point, with substantially no 
water phase present. 


1951 

(670A) A. J. Beghin, P. F. Hamburg, Jr., 
and H. E. Smith (to Insl-X-Corp.,), “Rust Re¬ 
mover,” U. S. Patent No. 2,558,167, June 26, 
1951; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 45, p. 8964 
(1951). 

Stable paste made by adding 1 /3 to 5 per 
cent sodium carboxy methylcellulose and 3 to 
30 per cent pectin to an acid of the group con¬ 
sisting of phosphoric acid, citric or trichloro¬ 
acetic acid. 

(670B) C. F. Boe and W. R. Lowstuter (to 
Atomix Inc.), “Combined Cleaning and Polish¬ 
ing Composition,” U. S. Patent No. 2,566,716, 
September 4, 1951. 

Emulsion of the oil-in-water type com¬ 
prises water in the continuous phase, a film¬ 
forming, water insoluble resinous material 
having a melting point not lower than 50 C, an 


oil-miscible and water-immiscible solvent for 
the resinous material, a solvent miscible with 
both oil and water, a water-soluble film-form¬ 
ing agent comprising polyvinyl alcohol, and qn 
emulsifying agent, the resinous material and 
the solvent therefor being in the dispersed 
phase, and the film-forming and the emulsify¬ 
ing agents being in the continuous water phase. 

(671A) L. F. de Brocq and L. Rakowski, 
“Cleaning and Re-Chromate Treatment of 
Magnesium Alloy Castings with Special Refer¬ 
ence to Corroded Parts Machined to Close 
Limits,” Selected Gov’t. Research Reports 
(London), Protection and Electro-Deposition 
of Metals, Vol. 3, pp. 72-86 (1951); Metal¬ 
lurgical Abstracts, Vol. 19, p. 729 (1952); 
British Abstracts, BI-6, p. 1427 (1952). 

Description of development of methods of 
cleaning and rechromating finished magnesium 
alloy castings previously chromate treated. 
Mild alkaline cleaner recommended for re¬ 
moving grease or loosely-adherent foreign 
matter. When considerable damage to chrom¬ 
ate film or corrosion had occurred, the origi¬ 
nal film was removed by treatment with nitro¬ 
benzene-nitric acid. Recommended for 
treating painted surfaces. When considerable 
loss of metal is permitted, acid chromate 
bath may be used, but it is not satisfactory 
on aluminum-magnesium alloys after the 
hydrofluoric acid dip. 

(671B) J. P. Burke (to Birco Chemical 
Corp.), “Composition for Cleaning Metals,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,554,358, May 22, 1951; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 45, p. 7946 (1951). 

Metallic oxides removed from metal sur¬ 
face after welding and before painting by ap¬ 
ply ing to their surface a jelly made of sodi¬ 
um silicate, a strong mineral acid, and some 
substance to inhibit rusting after the metal 
is cleaned and the jelly removed. For the 
latter purpose phosphoric acid may be used 
to form a phosphate coating, or copper sul¬ 
fate and similar salts may be added to pro¬ 
duce an electrolytically deposited metallic 
layer. 

(672A) P. F. Clements, “Detergents for 
Use in the Aluminum Industry,” Light 
Metals, Vol. 4, pp. 104-108 (1951). 

Discussion of theory and practice. Illus¬ 
trates use of soak, barrel cleaning and jet 
washer by schematic diagrams. Discussion 
of use of silicate^ and in particular the 
sodium metasilicate for cleaning because of 
effectiveness and inhibition of corrosion. 

(673A) H. G. Cole and E. Parry, “Treat¬ 
ment in Cold Chromating Baths of Mag¬ 
nesium Alloy Parts Previously Treated in 
Acid Chromate Dip and Lanolined,” Selected 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


5 


Gov’t. Research Reports (London), Protection 
and Electro-Deposition of Metals, Vol. 3, pp. 
67-71 (1951); Metallurgical Abstracts, Vol. 19, 
p. 729 (1952); British Abstracts, BI-6, p. 

1427 (1952). 

Experiments on chemical cleaning of mag¬ 
nesium alloy parts before chromate treating 
in cold electrolytic and cold immersion 
baths described. Parts should be given pre¬ 
liminary degreasing in organic degreaser 
followed by aqueous metal cleaner. Exist¬ 
ing chromate film should be removed com¬ 
pletely as by abrasion with pumice. Clean¬ 
ing by chemical methods which do not com¬ 
pletely remove previous film may affect ad¬ 
versely, the appearance and protection of 
final chromate film. 

(673B) S. G. Daniel, “Adsorption on Metal 
Surfaces of Long-Chain Polar Compounds 
from Hydrocarbon Solutions,” Transactions, 
Faraday Soc., Vol. 47, pp. 1345-1359 (1951); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 6459 (1952). 

Various long chain fatty acids, alcohols, 
and esters were adsorbed on several metal 
surfaces, and it was found that ease of ad¬ 
sorption increased with increasing chain 
length; for a given chain length, the acid was 
most strongly adsorbed and the ester least 
with the alcohol intermediate. When reac¬ 
tion between the adsorbate and the metal 
surface occurred it was the physical 
properties of the reaction products, the 
metal soaps, that determined the observed 
behavior. 

(673C) A. Davidsohn, “Solvent-Detergent 
Products,” Soap, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 47, 49, 

149 (1951). 

Solvent-detergent mixtures useful in metal 
cleaning are cited. Several compositions 
are discussed in particular and kerosene is 
used as a solvent. 

(674A) A. Dittfeld, “Liquid Detergent for ^ 
Cleaning Metallic Surfaces before Painting,” 
Italian Patent No. 468,080, Dec. 29, 1951; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 392 (1954). 

Solution contains 99 per cent water, sul- 
fonated higher alcohols and/or sulfonated 
petroleum compounds. Water soluble solvent 
may also be added. 

(675A) E. Duetsch, “Cleaner and Polish,” 
Swiss Patent No. 273,348, May 1, 1951; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47* P* 1413 (1953). 

Paste containing chalk 50-54, tripoli 17- 
15, bole (clay) 5-4, magnesium oxide 2-1, 
vaseline 18.1-19.2, paraffin 7.2-6.2, and 
saponifiable fat 0.7-0.6, for cleaning and 
polishing silverware, glass, etc. 

(675B) A. Dugnami, “Cleaning Mixture,” 
Italian Patent No. 462,459, March 21, 1951; 


Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 7800 (1952). 

Kerosene 40 parts emulsified with sulfori- 
cinoleate 12 to 16 and olein 1 to 2.8 parts, 
and 50 to 60 parts soda ash is added to ob¬ 
tain a paste, 5 to 20 per cent of which is 
dissolved in water. 

(676A) J. L. v. Eichborn, ‘‘Wetting of Metals 
by Water,” Werkstoffe und Korrosion, Vol. 

2, pp. 212-221 (1951); Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 45, p. 9334 (1951). 

Survey of the values for surface tension of 
solid metals and heats of adsorption of metal 
catalysts gives a comparative measure of 
the adsorptive power of various metal sur¬ 
faces. A hypothesis for the adhesion of 
traces of water is given. 

(676B) G. Fernhaden, “Cleaning Iron Cast¬ 
ings At Norrahammars Bruk,” Gjuteriet, Vol. 
41, No. 7, pp. 99-102 (1951); Journal, Iron and 
Steel Inst., Vol. 170, p. 168 (1952); British 
Abstracts, BI-5, p. 687 (1952). 

Layout of cleaning shop at a large Swedish 
foundry and some specification cleaning 
equipment illustrated. 

(676C) C. B. Francis (to United States Steel 
Co.), “Removing Scale from Ferrous Arti¬ 
cles,” U. S. Patent No. 2,569,158, Sept. 25, 
1951; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 87 
(1952). 

Oxide removed from ferritic and austenitic 
stainless steels by immersion at 700 to 900 F 
in a fused bath of caustic soda containing 0.5 
to 3 per cent sodium peroxide for periods up 
to 15 min, followed by pickling in dilute sul¬ 
furic acid and in dilute nitric acid or a nitric - 
hydrofluoric acid mixture. Other peroxides 
are given. 

(676D) J. Frasch, “Corrosion, Cleaning, 
Inhibition and Passivation of Metals,” Metaux- 
Corrosion-Industries, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 81- 
94 (1951); Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., Vol. 
169, p. 91 (1951); British Abstracts, BI-4, 
p. 197 (1952). 

Processes of oxidation, deoxidation and 
prevention of oxidation reviewed and chemical 
reactions involved; chemico-physical theories 
involved are discussed. 

(681A) J. W. Hensley, H. A. Skinner and 
H. R. Suter, “A Metal Cleaning Test Using 
Radioactive Stearic Acid as Soil,” Papers on 
Evaluation of Soaps and Detergents, ASTM 
Special Technical Publication No. 115, pp. 
18-32 (1951). 

Carbon 14 tagged stearic acid used as soil 
when applied to 1 1/2 in. diam SAE 1010 type 
disk especially prepared as to surface char¬ 
acter, using special polishing machine. A 
micro pipet was used to deliver tagged stearic 
acid in kerosene to disk placed on special 


6 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


traversing device to evenly spread the soil. 
Kerosene is removed after permitting solu¬ 
tion to evenly coat metal by treatment under 
infra red lamp. 

Cleaning procedure was to suspend disks 
in fixed volume of the cleaning solution with¬ 
out agitation at 90 C and then rinsing at room 
temperature. Disk supported in a vertical 
position by inserting small magnet in a test 
tube and attaching to it the soiled disk. Soil 
density and removal measured with a Geiger 
. Sensitivity indicated as 4 x 
cm. 

Stearic acid is very sensitive to surface 
finish. With five common alkalies and an 
alkylaryl sulfonate, found that with a given 
cleaning solution the amount of residual soil 
tends tc?*reach an equilibrium value which is 
not reduced by prolonged cleaning. 

Single component alkali cleaners are ef¬ 
fective in a range of 0.1 to 1.0 per cent 
sodium oxide in solution but above 1 per cent 
gave rapid decrease in cleaning efficiency. 


tube assembly 
10" y g per sq 


(681E) E. R. Irwin (to Standard Oil Co.), 
“Cleaning Composition," U. S. Patent No. 
2,566,298, September 4, 1951. 

Cleaning composition consists of the fol¬ 
lowing materials in proportions by volume: 
15-28 per cent alkali metal soap of mahogany 
sulfonic acids, 12-20 per cent catalytic re¬ 
formed naphtha bottoms having initial boiling 
point above 400 F and final boiling point be¬ 
low 600 F, 25-30 per cent monochloroben¬ 
zene, 10-20 per cent cresylic acid, 3-7 per 
cent isopropyl alcohol, 3-10 per cent naph¬ 
thenic acid, 3-6 per cent water and 0.25-1 
per cent monoethanolamine. 

(681F) J. F. S. Jack, “Cleaning and Preser¬ 
vation of Bronze Statues/' Museums Journal, 
Vol. 50, pp. 231-236 (1951); Metal Abstracts, 
Vol. 19, p. 419 (1952); British Abstracts, 
BI-6, p. 708 (1952). 

Natural weathering and means of producing 
artificial patinas described and detailed in¬ 
structions given for treating new statues, 
periodic cleaning and treatment after neglect. 


(681B) “Effect of Inhibitors for Economi¬ 
cal Pickling of Steel/' Hutnik, Vol. 18, July- 
August 1951; Biul Inform, Glown. Inst. 

Met., 25-27; Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., 

Vol. 170, p. 176 (1952); British Abstracts, 
BI-5, p. 702 (1952). 

Apparatus described for determining rate 
of hydrogen evolution during steel pickling. 
For inhibitor testing, diffusion of hydrogen 
into specimen should be considered in addi¬ 
tion to rate of hydrogen evolution. Factor 
for per cent Brittleness introduced. After 
pickling 2 to 3 hr the specimen is washed 
and repeatedly bent until breakage occurs. 

Hn equals 100N/N o where N 0 and N are 
number of bends to cause fracture before 
and after treatment respectively. 

(681C) “Ultrasonic Cleaner Cuts Cleaning 
Costs/' Iron Age, Vol. 168, No. 8, p. 77 
(1951); British Abstracts, BI-4, p. 198 (1952). 

Brush cleaning of capillary holes in fin¬ 
ished machine products eliminated by ultra¬ 
sonic method which removed grease, oil, 
metal shavings and lapping compound. Quartz 
resonator used to produce ultrasonic waves 
in solution of sodium chloride and these 
passed to cleaning solvent by a diaphragm. 

(681D) “Metal Cleaning. Cleaning Station 
in Strip Line Cuts Handling," Iron Age, Vol. 
168, No. 17, p. 112 (1951); British Abstracts, 
BI-4, p. 63 (1952). 

Strip copper-nickel, nickel-silver and 
bronze cleaned after annealing to remove 
dirt, carbon from burned lube oil and zinc 
“sweat" by treatment in room bath tempera¬ 
ture of 10 per cent sulfuric acid, cold- and 
hot-water jets and air dried, cutting 40 per 
cent from handling time. 


(682A) G. J. Kahan, “Hydrophobic Films 
on Solid Surfaces," Journal, Colloid Science, 
Vol. 6, pp. 571-575 (1951). 

Using a platinum dipper technique and 
rinsing with deionized water, showed that 
potassium stearate and certain quaternary 
salts caused formation of hydrophobic film 
on metal surface while alkyl sulfate and 
alkylaryl sulfonate did not. Fact that plati¬ 
num dipped in potassium stearate wetted 
metal but on rinsing did not, indicated com¬ 
plex film formation in which rinsing removed 
a portion of the film leaving substantially 
monolayer sorbed to metal, which is hydro- 
phobic. Rinsing in tap water left colloid ad¬ 
sorbed on surface and no water break was 
evident, while deionized water desorbed a 
layer, leaving a hydrophobic water-break 
surface. 

(682B) L. F. de Brocq and L. Rakowski, 
“Cleaning and Re-Chromate Treatment of 
Magnesium Alloy Castings--Corroded Parts 
Machined to Close Limits," Selected Govt. 
Research Reports (London), Protection and 
Electro-Deposition of Metals, Vol. 3, pp. 72- 
86 (1951); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 

2110 (1953). 

Recovery of magnesium alloy parts by re¬ 
moval of paint, corrosion product or chromate 
film without seriously altering the dimen¬ 
sions of parts machined to fine tolerance. 

Mild alkali metal cleaner removed grease 
and so on, nitro-benzene and nitric acid 
mixture removed the original chromate 
film and corrosion products; for finely ma¬ 
chined parts a caustic soda bath followed by 
chromic oxide solution, reimmersion in 
caustic bath, then a hydrofluoric acid bath 
worked well. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


7 


( 686 A) H. B. Linford and E. B. Saubestre, 
“Cleaning and Preparation of Metals for 
Electroplating,” American Electroplaters’ 
Society Research Report, Serial No. 18, 84 
pages (1951). 

See Reference Nos. 624, 684, 685. 

(689A) I. B. McKenzie, “Cleaning of 
Metals in Engineering Processes/ Aus¬ 
tralian Engineer, pp. 87-93, 137-141 pec. 

7, 1951); Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., Vol. 

171, p. 431 (1952); British Abstracts, BI-4, 
p. 1671 (1952). 

Review of mechanical, chemical and sol¬ 
vent methods of cleaning with 33 references. 

(692A) Compound; Grease-Cleaning, Sol¬ 
vent Emulsion Type, Military Specification 
MIL-C-7122(Aer), February 20, 1951. Super¬ 
seding C-147, See Reference No. 342A. 

(695A) Compound, Cleaner and Brightener, 
Nonflammable (for Use on Aluminum Sur¬ 
faces), Military Specification, MIL-C-5410A, 
June 25, 1951. 

Cleaner and brightener shall be nonflam¬ 
mable, phosphoric acid base, clear liquid, 
free from sediment or abrasives. Other re¬ 
quirements are for emulsifiability (Type II, 
concentrate), freedom from toxicity, mini¬ 
mum corrosiveness, effect on painted sur¬ 
faces, cleaning and rinsing minima, surface 
tension, 2.6 per cent P 2 O 5 minimum as 
orthophosphoric acid, normality not greater 
than 1.5 when titrated with standard 0.1 N. 
sodium hydroxide, lack of attack on acrylic 
plastics. 

Control formula comprised in parts by 
weight: 


85 per cent orthophosphor ic acid. 3.0 

Citric acid C. P. 4.0 

Synthetic soap. 2.0 

Methyl ethyl ketone. 3.0 

Distilled water. 88.0 


(695B) Compound, Cleaning, With Inhibitor, 
for Engine Cooling Systems, Military Speci¬ 
fication, MIL-C-10597A(Ord), Amendment 1, 
July 25, 1951. 

Major component oxalic acid, 71 to 100 
per cent by weight, and the minor component 
anhydrous aluminum chloride. 

(695C) Cleaning-Compound, Grease, 
Solvent-Emulsion, Military Specification, 
MIL-C-20207, October 16, 1951. 

See Navy Dept. Specification 51C65, 

March 1, 1951, Reference No. 640. 

(695D) Compound, Steam Cleaning, Mili¬ 
tary Specification, MIL-C-11494(Ord), 
October 18, 1951. 


Superseding ES542b, Reference 315D. No 
definite chemical composition requirements, 
but must meet performance test of water 
softening or stability, cleaning efficiency 
equal or superior to standard comparison 
material, solubility, absence of fatty acid, or 
rosin, of soap and of starch, pH value, sur¬ 
face tension and corrosion. Cleaning test 
panels are of 2 1/2 by 2 1/2 in. in size of 
20 -gage cold rolled steel, degreased in ace¬ 
tone, polished with No. 1 emery cloth, 
cleaned in hot alkali solution until free from 
water-break, dipped in absolute alcohol and 
wiped dry with paper toweling. Panels then 
dipped into Military symbol oil 3065 at 26 + 

1 C, drained at same temperature for 30 
min. The hanging oil drop is removed with 
absorbent cotton. Wash test made in a 2 
liter beaker containing 1600 ml of 0.25 per 
cent weight to volume solution of the com¬ 
pound in distilled water. Panels are im¬ 
mersed in the solution at boil and at 2 1/2 
and 5 min intervals respectively; panel is 
moved forward and backward three times in 
each direction, agitation to take not more 
than 6 sec. At end of 5 min immersion panel 
is removed, given two 6 sec rinses in dis¬ 
tilled water with no agitation, and a 4 sec 
drain between rinses of 800 ml each at 23 + 

3 C. Panels dried at 50 C for 20 min, 
cooled and weighed. Panels washed with 
acetone, rinsed in absolute alcohol, dried 
with paper toweling and reweighed. Differ¬ 
ence is the amount of residual soil, for tests 
run in duplicate. The initial amount of oil 
per panel averages 0.16 g per panel. Com¬ 
parison compound is given for evaluation 
purposes. 

(695E) J. P. Mortelliti, “Preparation of 
Metal Surfaces for Organic Finishes,” 
Organic Finishing, Vol. 12, No. 8 , pp. 12-14 
(1951); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 45, p. 9449 
(1951). 

Review of surface treatments for steel, 
aluminum, zinc, copper, and brass to pre¬ 
pare them for organic finishing. These in¬ 
clude solvent washing, vapor degreasing, 
solvent emulsion cleaning, and acid and 
alkali cleaning. 

(698A) G. Olson and B. Thor deman, 
“Cleaning (and Protection) of Silver Objects, 
Museums Journal, Vol. 50, pp. 250-251 
(1951); Metal Abstracts, Vol. 19, p. 392 
(1952); British Abstracts, BI- 6 , p. 709 (1952) 

Articles cleaned and washed and dried, 
lacquered with Acryloil B7 and.baked at 60- 
70 C for 1 to 2 hr. 

(699A) P. Pignotti, “Rust Removing Mix¬ 
ture,” Italian Patent No. 468,167, Dec. 29, 
1951; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 6854 
(1953). 







8 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


A mixture of medium weight mineral oil 
10, kerosene 20, dimethyl ketone 3 and a 20 
per cent suspension of colloidal graphite in 
mineral oil 3 parts is suitable for removal 
of rust. 

(700A) “Ultrasonic Cleaning Device/’ 
Plating, Vol. 38, p. 1255 (1951). 

Ultrasonic cleaning device used to clean 
tiny openings in electric-shaver heads elim¬ 
inating brushing and speeding operation and 
cutting expense. General Electric ultrasonic 
generator converts electric energy into 
sound through the cleaning solvent. 

(702A) T. Rice, “Cleaning of Steel Test 
Panels for Paint,” ASTM Bulletin No. 178, pp. 
50-58 (December 1951)/ 

Test panels should not be either partially 
or wholly sanded or abraded. Removal of 
oil and smut accomplished by solvent spray 
degreasing, and trichloroethylene vapor de¬ 
greasing, and two modifications in which 
phosphoric acid dip is used. Wiping with 
rags saturated with solvent is said to be un¬ 
reliable. 

Best cleanliness test found to be water - 
break or spray water-break test (of Spring, 
Forman, and Peale) but more difficult to per¬ 
form and offered no advantages. Morgan and 
Lankier fluorescent dye method not sensitive 
to 0.1 per cent soiled panels. 

Rock Island Arsenal Drop Test (Hong) able 
to discern between surface with 0.01 per cent 
oil and clean surface not oiled. Contact angle 
apparatus able to distinguish oil on panels 
soiled with 0.1 per cent oil solution; limit of 
effectiveness seems to be 0.01 per cent oil. 
Contact angle method and drop test definitely 
detect 0.0001 ml oil per 100 sq cm surface. 
Also possible that contact angle would de¬ 
tect 0.00005 ml oil per 100 sq cm surface. 
Detailed procedure given in ASTM Method 
D 609, Reference No. 717. 

(702B) D. M. Roberson, F. Seeley and 
O. H. Kobernik, “Chemical Cleaning of 
Boilers/’ Proceedings, Master Boiler Makers’ 
Assoc., pp. 57-64 (1951); Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 46, p. 5751 (1952). 

Use of proper chemical solvents can be 
used with considerable saving in time and 
expense over the mechanical methods for¬ 
merly employed. Determination of type and 
amount of the deposits will indicate the most 
satisfactory type of solvent to be used. Ex¬ 
perienced and trained personnel indicated 
for the job. 

(702C) H. Rogner (Henkel & Cie., G.m.b.H.), 
“Scale and Rust Removal/’ German Patent 
No. 805,341, May 17, 1951; Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 46, p. 1428 (1952). 

A nonhygroscopic powder suitable for 


scale and rust removal is prepared by mix¬ 
ing together sodium bisulfate 40, sodium sul¬ 
fate 58, and sulfonated anthracene oil 2 parts 
by weight. A 5 to 10 per cent aqueous solu¬ 
tion of the powder is used at room or elevated' 
temperatures. Rust is removed without at¬ 
tack on the base metal. 

(702D) G. Rom pier, “Cleaning Agent for 
Galvanized Sheets,” Swiss Patent No. 273,- 
347, May 1, 1951; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 

47, p. 474 (1953). 

A cleaning composition of only mildly ab¬ 
rasive properties contains 60 per cent 
pumice, 20 per cent stannous chloride, 17 
per cent citric acid, and 3 per cent sulfated 
fatty alcohol. 

(702E) G. Rossi-Landi, “Descaling Fer¬ 
rous Metals,” Metall. Constr., Meehan., Vol. 
83, p. 544-555 (1951); Journal, Iron and 
Steel Inst., Vol. 170, p. 75 (1952); British 
Abstracts, BI-5, p. 703 (1952). 

Concentration and temperature of descaling 
baths discussed in relation to period of im¬ 
mersion and role of attacking and residual 
acid explained. Notes on preparation of 
baths, and acid consumption figures given for 
several forms of steel. 

(702F) G. Rossi-Landi, “Descaling of 
Stainless Steels,” Metall. Constr. Meehan., 
Vol. 83, pp. 763-765 (1951); Journal, Iron 
and Steel Inst., Vol. 170, p. 391 (1952); 

British Abstracts, BI-5, p. 1128 (1952). 

Discussion of austenitic, martensitic and 
ferritic stainless steels and use of inhibitors, 
accelerators and other additions to pickling 
baths, 

(703A) H. Santi and Co., “Rust-Removing 
Composition,” Swiss Patent No. 273,080, 
April 16, 1951; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, 
p. 6529 (1952). 

Phosphoric acid is claimed to have super¬ 
ior rust removing properties. The example 
describes a bath composition containing 60 
per cent technical phosphoric acid 100, 
water 150, sodium sulfate 2, trisodium 
phosphate 4, and borax 2 kg in which the ob¬ 
jects are processed electrolytically. For 
large objects the composition may comprise 
60 per cent phosphoric acid 30, water 35, 
sulfuric acid 3, and filler 32 kg of the type 
of bentonite, kaolin, or the like, and this is 
applied to the object, later washed off to¬ 
gether with the rust particles. 

(703B) M. Saturnino, “Cleaning Prepara¬ 
tion for Typewriter Bars,” Italian Patent No. 
466,269, Oct. 24, 1951; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 7138 (1953). 

A mixture of 70 parts trichloroethylene 
and 30 parts of glycerol, with some essen¬ 
tial oil is used to clean typewriter bars. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


9 


(704A) K. Schultze, “Wettability and 
Methods for its Measurement,” Kolloid-Ztg., 
Vol. 121, pp. 57-65 (1951); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 45, p. 6897 (1951). 

Drop of water formed on ring of surface 
tension tester, then ring lowered to touch 
test surface. Process of repeatedly touching 
surface continued until all the water is trans¬ 
ferred, and the number of contacts, called B 
number, used as a measure of wettability. 

(704B) J. H. Secrist and W. H. Petering (to 
Detrex Corp.), “Cleaning Composition, U. 

S. Patent No. 2,576,419, November 27, 1951; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 4260 (1952). 

Clear, free-flowing liquid comprises 100 
ml trichloroethylene, 2 g triethanolamine 
oleate, 6 g monoethanolamine oleate, 1 g 
sodium oleate and 11 ml water. 

(705A) J. C. Showalter (to Standard Oil 
Development Co.), “Cleaning Composition 
for Removing Asphaltic Coatings,” U. S. 
Patent No. 2,571,956, October 16, 1951; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 2719 (1952). 

Composition for removing protective as¬ 
phaltic coatings from metal surfaces com¬ 
prises an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent 25- 
27, a hydrophilic low-molecular weight 
alkali metal petroleum sulfonate 5-33, a hy¬ 
drocarbon lubricating-oil fraction 5-50, and 
a hydrophobic, high molecular weight alkali 
metal petroleum sulfonate 5-12 per cent. 

This is sprayed on the coating and is dis¬ 
solved readily and easily rinsed by use of 
hot water. 

(706A) M. Smialowski, J. Foryst and A. 
Madjeski, “Testing the Efficacy of Various 
Methods of Cleaning Steel Surfaces from 
Mineral-oil Layers,” Prace Glownego Inst. 
Metalurgii, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 55-63 (1951); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 45, p. 944 9 (1951). 

Removal of machine oil from cleaned soft 
steel strip accomplished by chemical and 
electrolytic cleaning. Efficiency of oil re¬ 
moval determined by wetting with water, 
weighing, ultraviolet irradiation and plating 
with copper. Lists the various chemical 
cleaning baths, which included certain syn¬ 
thetic surface active agents, as well as 
sodium silicate and trisodium phosphate. The 
combination of silicate with surface active 
agents said to give best cleaning results. 
•Neither method was successful in removing 
oil films left from cold rolling; these re¬ 
moved with trichloroethylene. 

(708A) L. F. Spencer, “Scale-Removing 
Technique with Stainless Steels,” Steel 
Process, Vol. 36, pp. 623-628, Vol. 37, pp. 
28-30 (1951); Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., 


Vol. 169, p. 76 (1951); British Abstracts, 

BI-5, p. 96 (1952). 

Complex oxides of stainless steel makes 
removal of scale more difficult than with 
plain carbon or low alloy grades. Chemical 
removal by pickling can be performed satis¬ 
factorily, outlining details of eleven processes. 
The ferric sulfate-hydrofluoric acid bath is 
discussed in detail and performance out¬ 
lined. 

(709A) J. Starr, “Cleaning with Sound 
Waves, ’ Products Finishing, Vol. 16, No. 2, 
pp. 52, 54, 56 (1951). 

Initial cleaning with piezoelectric quartz 
crystal, but improvement in size and shape 
achieved by fired-ceramic materials by 
Brush Development Co., of Cleveland, Ohio. 
Magnetostrictive generators are limited to 
ultrasonic-output frequencies of 100,000 
cycles for most purposes, whereas electro- 
strictive generators are workable at fre¬ 
quencies of from 18,000 to 5 million cycles. 

Manufacturers of electrostrictive gener¬ 
ators suitable for difficult ultrasonic clean¬ 
ing purposes include Brush Development, 
General Electric, and Fisher Scientific Co. 
of Pittsburgh, Pa. Magnetostrictive 
generators for ultrasonic cleaning developed 
by General Sound Co., of Burbank, Calif., and 
Massa Laboratories of Cleveland, Ohio. 

Cleaning solutions are chosen for usual 
cleaning properties, but a few factors merit 
special consideration in certain circum¬ 
stances. Gives data on ultrasonic properties 
of materials and solvents, indicating that 
proper choice of liquid medium and frequency 
is necessary, since a frequency of less than 
50,000 cycles can be effectively dispersed in 
soapy water, but a fabric immersed could be 
completely disintegrated in a few seconds. 
Thermal characteristics of solution are im¬ 
portant since sound waves may produce toxic 
vapors or a fire hazard. 

Conventional cleaning tanks and magneto¬ 
strictive transducers have been used, but 
special tank with rock wool and equivalent 
insulator is used wherever higher frequency 
sound energy is used. 

The volume of tanks is limited to one gal¬ 
lon or less due to currently available sound 
generators. A General Electric unit was 
designed to degrease an optimum load of 100 
cu in. of metallic materials such as ball pen 
points, screw machine products and electric 
razor heads. Can degrease full load in 60 
sec, a level attained only by a 30 gal cleaning 
tank without ultrasonic generator. 

(709B) “The Market for Chemical Cleaners 
in the Metalworking Industry,” Steel, Market 
Research Dept., Penton Bldg., Cleveland, 13, 
Ohio, 10 pages, 1951. 

Industry is big, accounting for over 42 per 


10 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


cent of total U. S. industrial production; 
represents over 50,000 plants and over 6 
million workers. Metalworking produced 
goods and services valued at more than 102 
billion dollars. Survey made of 3,000 typical 
plants and the study was based on replies from 
387. 

The largest consumption in chemical 
cleaners was of the acid type (557,922 tons) 
and more than 60 per cent of all the solvent 
type cleaners produced was consumed by 
this industry. Alkaline type cleaners were 
used least by the metalworking industry 
(48,032 tons). Over 50 different companies 
were recognized as producers of chemical 
cleaners. 


(711A) A. de Vleeschauwer, H. Hendrickx 
and J. Moulaert, “Properties of Detergents/’ 
Mededelingen van de Landbouwhogeschool en 
de Opzoekingsstasstations van de Staat Gent, 
Vol. 17, No. 1, 80 pages (1951); Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 894 (1953). 

The study of the influence of detergents at 
several temperatures upon metals and alloys, 
removing of dried milk by detergents and 
bacteriological examination of milk bottles. 
Corrosion test data given, showing aluminum 
most affected. Agents tested up to 2 per 
cent were caustic soda, trisodium phosphate, 
soda ash, sodium metasilicate, sodium hy¬ 
pochlorite, and several detergents. 


(712A) C. F. Weber (to General Electric 
Co.), “Metal Cleaning and Plating Process/’ 
U. S. Patent No. 2,570,174, Oct. 2, 1951; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 1893 (1952). 

Nickel plated objects are replated after 
stripping in an electrolytic alkaline bath 
containing sodium silicate, caustic soda, and 
trisodium phosphate, by passing a current 
through the objects in a strong hydrochloric 
acid solution for 1 min. 


(713A) H. G. Webster (to J. H. Shoe¬ 
maker), “Metal Cleaning Composition/’ 

U. S. Patent No. 2,S67,456, September 11, 
1951; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 45, p. 10186 
(1951). 

Castings descaled and degreased by plac¬ 
ing in a molten nonelectrolytic bath contain¬ 
ing a mixture of an alkali metal hydroxide, 
approximately 19, an alkali metal nitrate ap¬ 
proximately 19, and an alkali metal chloride 
1 part by weight. The part is immersed next 
in a second bath such as hydrochloric acid or 
sulfuric acid, for a very short time so as not 
to etch the surface of the metal part. Next 
the part is rinsed in water by immersion. 

(713B) O. Wennerholm, “Cleaning and 
Etching of Aluminum Alloys/’ Farg och 
Fernissa, Vol. 15, pp. 137, 138 (1951); 

British Abstracts, BI-6, p. 544 (1952). 

^Stresses importance of degreasing with 
solvents prior to etching to prevent etch 
pattern. 

(713C) C. H. Williams, Jr., “Patenting 
(Wire) with Continuous Cleaning and Coat¬ 
ing/’ Wire and Wire Products, Vol. 26, pp. 
881-883 (1951); Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., 
Vol. 170, p. 391 (1952); British Abstracts, 
BI-5, p. 1128 (1952). 

Continuous plant for patenting tire bead 
wire and rate of 30 ft per min described. 

(713D) Shizuhiro Yamada (to Toyoda Auto¬ 
mobile Industries Co.), “Removal of Rust 
from Steel/’ Japanese Patent No. 5311, 
September 15, 1951; Chemical Abstracts, 

Vol. 47, p. 2677 (1953). 

The steel is washed with alkali, incom¬ 
pletely washed with water, then treated with 
30 per cent phosphoric acid for three hours. 
The phosphoric acid solution is prepared 
from 400 ml acid (density 1.87), 120 g. 
starch and 960 g. magnesium chloride; this 
diluted with water. 


NEW REFERENCES FOR 1952 TO 1954 


1952 

(716) W. Ahlstrom, “Cleaned-in-Place 
(Dairy) Pipe Lines/’ Rept. Proc. 48th Ann. 
Convention Internatl. Assoc, of Ice Cream 
Manufacturers, Production and Lab. Council, 
1952, pp. 76-77; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 

47, p. 11587 (1953). 

Both alkaline and acid detergent solutions 
may find use for cleaning of dairy pipe lines, 
the acid solution overrunning any deficiency 
in the alkaline material. Rapid flow of 3 ft 
per sec of detergent through the lines is 
necessary. 

(717) “Standard Method of Preparation of 
Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, 
Lacquer and Related Products,” ASTM 
Standards, D 609-52, Part 4, pp. 509-511 
(1952). 

Describes panel and cleaning technique 
which consists either of solvent spray clean¬ 
ing with a spray gun with naphtha and xylene 
or naphtha and Cellosolve, followed with 
methyl alcohol; or vapor degreasing with 
stabilized trichloroethylene followed by 
methyl alcohol. Panels tested for lack of 
water break. 

Also given are procedures for phosphate 
coated steel and chemically treated panels. 

(718) L. R. Bacon and E. G. Nutting, Jr., 
“Metallic Staining of Silverware,” Industrial 
Engineering Chem., Vol. 44, pp. 150-155 
(1952). 

Tarnishing of silverware in mechanical 
dishwashing is accounted for by the electro¬ 
deposition of copper dissolved in the deter¬ 
gent solution. More electronegative metals 
such as aluminum or zinc in contact with 
silverware cause tarnish. Sources of copper 
are machine parts and imperfections in the 
silver plate. Methods for minimizing tarnish 
are suggested. 

(719) W. M. Baldridge, E.^T. Miller, F. M. 
Hauger and D. Harvey, “Mechanical Clean¬ 
ing of Rods and Wire, ’ Wire and Wire 
Products, Vol. 27, pp. 672-675, 709-711 
(1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 9048 
(1952). 

A symposium held at a meeting of the Wire 
Association where results were reported on 
various experiments of mechanical cleaning 
of rods and wire in place of pickling prior to 
wire drawing. 


(720) H. A. Barbian, “Preparation of 
Magnesium Surfaces for Plating,” American 
Paint Journal, Vol. 36, No. 33, pp. 31, 34 
(1952). 

Cleaning required prior to finishing. Sug¬ 
gested are solvent, solvent-emulsion or 
heavy duty alkaline cleaners followed by acid 
pickle such as hydrofluoric or chromic. 

(721) J. M. Bash, “Degreasing Steel Scrap,” 
U. S. Patent No. 2,618,577, Nov. 18, 1952. 

Machine tool shavings or chips in large 
masses conveyed from a hopper onto a vi¬ 
brating conveyor enclosed in a tank in which 
vaporized tetrachlorethane or trichloroethy¬ 
lene is circulated. 

(722) G. Batta, L. Scheepers and H. 

Bouillon, “Cleaning of 18-8 Steels,” Indus¬ 
trie chimique beige, Vol. 17, pp. 471-477 
(1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 94 92 
(1952). 

Attack in g per sq cm at different normal¬ 
ities of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid is 
graphed; there is an extensive tabulation of 
results in amount of oxide detached or dis¬ 
solved with aqua regia, hydrochloric acid 
alone, and nitric acid at various tempera¬ 
tures and times and by various heating 
methods. Hydrochloric acid alone is insuf¬ 
ficient, and nitric acid adequate only with 
some 50 min at temperatures above 20 C at 
2.8 N or more. 

(723) D. M. Brashear and E. R. Stove, 

“The Use of Radioactive Tracers in the 
Study of the Mechanism of Action of Corro¬ 
sion Inhibitors,” Chemistry & Industry, pp. 
171-172 (1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, 
p. 4983 (1952). 

Radioactive chromium and the benzoate 
radical remain on mild steel after washing. 

A preliminary note. 

(724) G. E. Brissey and H. H. Young (to 
Swift & Co.), “Acid Cleaner and Detergent,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,593,259, April 15, 1952. 

Concentrate for dissolving a film of co¬ 
agulated milk protein and cleaning dairy 
equipment is comprised of 10 to 30 per cent 
organic acid stronger than acetic, such as 
citric, hydroxy-acetic, lactic or tartaric, 3 
to 10 per cent phosphoric acid, 3 to 10 per 
cent acid salt of an alkali metal, such as 
sodium bisulfate and 2 to 10 per cent wetting 
agent such as sodium dodecylbenzene sul- 


11 


12 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


fonate. The concentrate adjusted to give a 
pH below 1.8 when diluted to 7 per cent. 

(725) C. A. Campbell (to Solventol Chemical 
Products, Inc.), “Cleaning Composition,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,583,165, Jan. 22, 1952; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 3304 (1952). 

Metal parts prior to plating, rustproofing, 
painting, or inspection are cleaned by dip or 
spray cleaning in warm rust proofing mixture 
containing 36 to 250 parts of a refined petrol¬ 
eum solvent and 15 parts of a pine oil or ter- 
pinyl glycol ether solvent. Part of this sol¬ 
vent is emulsified in water containing an 
oleate, the water being in an amount having 
8 to 150 times the volume of all other in¬ 
gredients. Ethanolamine or triethano¬ 
lamine emulsifiers are recommended. 

(726) P. H. Cardwell, L. H. Eilers and B. 

P. Robinson (to Dow Chemical Co.), “Re¬ 
moving Scale Deposits from Ferrous Metal 
Surfaces/’ U. S. Patent No. 2,606,873, 

August 12, 1952. 

Scale removing composition made by com¬ 
bining hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, an 
aromatic or a heterocyclic nitrogen base as 
inhibitor, and a wetting agent. 

(727) A. A. G. Chapman, “Electrolytic Re¬ 
moval of Rust from Metals,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,615,840, October 28, 1952. 

A typical electrolyte contains sodium hy¬ 
droxide 3 lb per gal, sodium silicate 3, 
sodium cyanide 7, sodium chloride 5, sodium 
fluoride 7/8, sulfated fatty alcohol 1/8, and 
sodium stannate 1 oz per gal. The stannate 
is added to provide protective coating to the 
cleaned metal surface. 

(728) G. C. Close, “Fitting Vapor De- 
greasers to the Job,” Product Finishing, 

Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 32-34, 36, 38 (1952). 

Three basic types of degreasers available; 
vapor immersion only, solvent immersion- 
vapor, solvent spray preceded by or fol¬ 
lowed by solvent immersion with final clean¬ 
ing in vapor. 

A cleaning action by vapor degreasing de¬ 
pends upon gage or metal thickness of parts, 
since cleaning ceases when condensation of 
vapor ceases because part becomes too hot. 
Frequently satisfactory to preclean with 
alkaline immersion followed by vapor de¬ 
greasing since gross contamination of de¬ 
greasing bath is thus reduced. 

Operation limits for maximum effective¬ 
ness given. 

(729) J. B. Delaney, “Shot-Blasting Speeds 
Stainless Strip Cleaning,” Iron Age, Vol. 169, 
No. 25, pp. 133-135 (1952); British Abstracts, 
BI-5, p. 1415 (1952). 

Costs of cleaning hot-rolled stainless steel 


strip drastically reduced using Wheelabrator 
shot-blasting unit in strip pickling line. Main 
saving is elimination of scale breaking with 
plain chromium steels. 

(730) A. Douty, “Pickling and Pickling 
Acid Inhibitors,” Metal Industry (London), 

Vol. 80, pp. 108-110 (1952); British Abstracts, 
BI-4, p. 1107 (1952). 

Especial reference to reduced rate of at¬ 
tack by nonoxidizing acids on metals. Men¬ 
tion of three relatively new methods for de¬ 
scaling. 

(731) J. L. Everhart, “Wet Blasting Per¬ 
forms Many Cleaning and Finishing Opera¬ 
tions,” Materials and Methods, Vol. 35, No. 

4, pp. 98-100 (1952). 

Advantages of liquid impact blasting are 
ability to greatly vary abrasive particle size, 
adjust hardness, air pressure, vary distance 
from work to gun and liquid-to-abrasive 
ratio. Large variety of surfaces can be 
cleaned by this procedure. 

(732) Steam Cleaning Compound, Interim 
Federal Specification, P-S-00751 (GSA-FSS), 
August 15, 1952. 

Alkaline steam cleaning compound in¬ 
tended for use in steam cleaning machines 
for various ferrous and non-ferrous surfaces. 

With the exception of minimum content of 
phosphoric acid of 15 per cent calculated as 
P 2 O 5 , no definite chemical composition re¬ 
quirements are given. Performance must 
equal or better comparison formula com¬ 
prising: 

Sodium metasUlcate.pentahydrate . 35 per cent by weight 

Monosodium phosphate .10.5 per cent by weight 

Sodium triphosphate.52.5 per cent by weight 

Nonionic agent fTriton X-100) .... 2.0 per cent by weight 

Performance test utilizes cleaned cold- 
rolled steel panels soiled with Military sym¬ 
bol oil 3065 conforming to Specification 
MIL-L-15016 by dipping and draining at 
26 + 1 C and draining 30 min. 600 ml of 
0.25 per cent cleaning solution in a 2 liter 
beaker in distilled water brought to boil and 
panels cleaned by treatment in specified 
manner for 5 min, rinsed in special manner, 
dried at 50 C for 20 min, cooled and weighed. 
Then washed with acetone, then absolute 
alcohol and dried with paper toweling and re¬ 
weighed. Difference in weight is amount of 
residual soil for tests run in duplicate. 

(733) A. G. Gray, “Evaluating Surface 
Cleanliness,” Product Finishing, Vol. 17, 

No. 1, pp. 56, 60, 64, 66 , 68 , 70, 74, 76, 78, 

80 (1952). 

See Rice, Reference No. 702A and Lin¬ 
ford and Saubestre, Reference Nos. 624 et 
seq. A resume of the work of the foregoing 
reference authors. Variation of Mear s hy- 




BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


13 


drogen peroxide surface active method 
tested, but did not detect difference between 
clean, unsoiled or oil-soiled panels. Water 
break did not show presence of 0.01 per cent 
oil on surface, while the spray water-break 
method offered no advantages, and the 
fluorescent dye method was insensitive to 
0.1 per cent oiled panels. The Rock Island 
drop test was used which consists of drop¬ 
ping approximately 0.05 ml (one drop) of 
distilled water 12 in. from a 10 ml burette, 
and the diameter of the droplet measured. 

On clean surfaces the drop is almost per¬ 
fectly circular with scalloped edge, but on 
slightly oily surface drops are smaller in 
diameter and usually without scalloped edge. 
On very clean surface the drops are not 
round. The test distinguished between 0.01 
per cent oiled surface and one perfectly 
clean. The contact angle apparatus of Lang¬ 
muir and Shaefer, Reference No. 113A, was 
used to give contact angle measurements. 

Both this and the Rock Island Arsenal 
methods would detect 0.0001 ml oil per 100 
sq cm of surface. Possible sensitivity of 
0.00005 ml of oil per sq cm indicated. 
Atomizer test of Linford and Saubestre des¬ 
cribed. 

(734) W. Heinicke, “Amines for Cleaning 
Type Matrixes,” U. S. Patent No. 2,615,825, 
October 28, 1952; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 

47, p. 2520 (1953). 

Graphite and grime are removed from type 
matrixes by washing with alkyl or alkylol 
amines, the amine then removed with an air 
blast or with chlorinated solvent. 

(735) J. W. Hensley, “Measuring Effective¬ 
ness of Metal Cleaners with Radioactive 
Tracers/’ Iron Age, Vol. 170, No. 20, pp. 
151-154 (1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 
p. 892 (1953). 

See Reference No. 681A. 

(736) J. W. Hensley, H. A. Skinner and H. R. 
Suter, “Metal Cleaning Test Using Radio¬ 
active Stearic Acid as Soil/’ Metal Finishing, 
Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 49-52 (1952). 

See Reference No. 681A. 

(737) W. H. Hill (to Koppers Co., Inc.), 
“Cleaning and Pickling Composition for 
Metals/’ U. S. Patent No. 2,606,155, August 
5, 1952, Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 

11090 (1952). 

Removal by an acid pickling solution is im¬ 
proved and accelerated by dissolving in the 
acid an inhibitor which is prepared by the 
reaction between an aldehyde and a pre¬ 
formed thiocyanate of a basic amine compound 
of the formula NR 4 X in which the R atoms are 
organic radicals and at least two are linked 
together to form a heter'ocycle with the N 
atom, such as pyridine, etc. 


(738) A. F. Holden, “Composition for and 
Method of Descaling Metal Parts,” U. S. 
Patent No. 2,601,864, July 1, 1952. 

Oxide scale removed from ferrous metal 
parts by placing them in a molten bath con¬ 
taining alkali metal and alkaline earth metal 
chlorides, 2 to 10 per cent fluoride of sodium, 
potassium or barium, and 0.5 to 5 per cent 
silicon carbide until the scale is dissolved; 
then transferring them immediately to a 
molten bath containing 70 per cent zinc 
chloride and alkali metal and alkaline earth 
metal chlorides. The parts are quenched in 
water. 

(739) E. R. Holman and J. L. Mathis (to 
Turco Products, Inc.), “Composition for 
Cleaning Aluminum and Aluminum-alloy 
Surfaces Preparatory to Spot Welding/ U. S. 
Patent No. 2,585,127, Feb. 12, 1952, Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 3486 (1952). 

Improved cleaning bath which prevents de¬ 
position of copper, manganese and iron upon 
the aluminum surface has a pH of 1.2 and 
contains 200 ml orthophosphoric acid (75 per 
cent) and 50 ml tetrasodium pyrophosphate 
dissolved in one liter water; an oleaginous 
loosening agent (20 ml ethylene glycol mono¬ 
butyl ether, or 5 to 10 ml dodecyl- or hexa- 
decyldimethyl benzylammonium sulfate) may 
be added. The bath is used at room tempera¬ 
ture. 

(740) “Descaling by Induction-Heating,” 
Journal, Iron and Steel Inst., Vol. 25, p. 312 
•(1952); British Abstracts, BI-5, p. 1405 (1952). 

Bars were cleaned of scale in an inductor 
operating at 9600 cycles per sec and 15-25 kw 
per sq in. Scale temperature raised so 
rapidly that it separates from metal base by 
expansion. 

(741) E. J. Jahn (to Shell Development Co.), 
“Metal-Working Lubricant,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,605,224, July 29, 1952, Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 46, p. 10086 (1952). 

A roll lubricant, which is stable, noncorro, 
sive, and resists the washing action of water 
sprayed under pressure, nonstaining and 
easily removed from the surface is made by 
adding to a sulfuric acid treated light liquid 
hydrocarbon 3 to 10 per cent lanolin, oleyl 
alcohol, or olein, or a mixture of these. 
Staining can be prevented by adding 0.01 to 
0.10 per cent of several metallic naphthenates 
or oleates, or by adding an alkylated phenol 
or an organic amine. These lubricants can 
be fortified by adding to them less than 1 per 
cent of a list of vegetable, animal and marine 
oils, naturally occurring high molecular 
weight fatty acids, their esters, or sulfur con¬ 
taining materials. 


14 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


(742) V. A. Lamb, “Metal Cleaning and 
Finishing/’ Metal Progress, Vol. 61, No. 1, 
pp. 76-80 (1952); British Abstracts, BI-4, 
p. 835 (1952). 

Post war developments reviewed. Possible 
future developments described. 

(743) M. A. Lesser, “Steam Cleaners/’ 
Soap, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 50-53, 71 (1952). 

Review of the detergents used for this 
purpose, and typical formulations. 

(744) M. A. Lesser, “Metal Cleaners, i/’ 
Soap, Vol. 28, No. 10, pp. 42-45, 169 (1952). 

Review of cleaning test methods, radio¬ 
active tracer technique, classified com¬ 
pounds as alkaline cleaners, solvents, emul¬ 
sion cleaners, and acidic cleaners. Remarks 
on substitution of synthetic detergents for 
soap in alkaline compositions. For soak 
type cleaners lists 10 formulas. 

(745) M. A. Lesser, “Metal Cleaners, n/’ 
Soap, Vol. 28, No. 11, pp. 46-49, 98 (1952). 

Lists cleaners for mechanical spray type 
washers, electro-cleaners, chlorinated hy¬ 
drocarbons, diphase cleaners, acids as to 
metals best cleaned and specific cleaners. 
Under special cleaners lists acid gel types 
and finger print removers. 

(746) W. Letfuss, “Electrolytic Descaling/' 
Austrian Patent No. 172,954, Nov. 10, 1952; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 58 (1953). 

Ferrous parts to be descaled are first 
pretreated in acid pickling baths, then 
treated in an alkali bath until a dark-colored, 
loosely adherent surface layer is formed, 
then cathodically until this layer has dis¬ 
solved. The parts are then subjected to an 
aftertreatment in pickling solutions con¬ 
taining oxidizing metal compounds or oxygen 
containing chlorine compounds to remove the 
graphite formed on the ferrous surfaces. 

(747) Compound, Rust Remover (Phos¬ 
phoric Acid Base) (For Use on Ferrous 
Metal Surfaces), Military Specification, 
P-R-791 (Navy, Ships), March 31, 1952. 

Requirements include content of not less 
than 68 per cent free orthophosphoric acid 
on a weight to volume basis, minimum of 5 
per cent by volume of water-soluble organic 
solvents, and removal of greasy films equal 
to, or better than a control formula. 

Grease removal test made by cleaning 3 by 
6 -in. test panels of cold-rolled steel with 
trichloroethylene. General purpose grease 
applied to lower one inch surface of panel by 
spatula or finger. Excess grease removed by 
repeatedly drawing straight edge of spatula 
downward over greased surface. Outer edge 
of panels wiped clean with a rag. Cleaning 
formula and control diluted with three vol¬ 


umes of distilled water and transferred to 
beakers so that solutions have depth of at 
least two inches. Panels immersed for 30 
min then removed and rinsed thoroughly in 
distilled water. Panels suspended vertically 
and observed for water-break. Control 
formula: 

Phosphoric acid 85 per cent. 118 nil 


Triton X-100 . 5 ml 

Butyl cellosolve .12.5 ml 


Water is added sufficient to bring total vol¬ 
ume in milliliters to 250. Absence of inhibi¬ 
tor required. 

(748) Cleaning Compound, Decontamin¬ 
ating (For Soiled and Radioactive Surfaces), 
Military Specification, MIL-C-7907(Aer), 

July 31, 1952. 

Detail requirements include solubility in 
hard and sea water, pH maximum of 10, sur¬ 
face tension and interfacial tension require¬ 
ment, suspending power, soil removal by 
tracer technique, cleaning and rinsing ef¬ 
ficiency, corrosiveness and attack on 
painted surfaces and plastics. 

Suspending power determined on 1.5 oz 
per 1.5 gal of solution in hard and sea water, 
by shaking in described manner with 0.5 g 
Norit AC and comparing with standards. Soil 
removal technique first requires soiling with 
15 oxides representing potential fission 
products and uranium nitrate. These applied 
as specially prepared slurry to prepared 
plugs which are then rinsed free from water 
removable material, then dried and radio¬ 
activity determined. Plugs then washed in 
prescribed manner with distilled water 
solution of detergent, rinsed and the count 
remade. The per cent removal of radio¬ 
activity then calculated. 

(749) Compound; Corrosion Preventive, 
Fingerprint Remover, Military Specification, 
MIL-C-15074A, Oct. 1, 1952. 

See Reference No. 493. 

(750) Compound; Cleaning, Steam, Military 
Specification, MIL-C-6135(Aer), Dec. 20, 
1952. 

Composition to be free from fatty acid, 
rosin, starch, abrasives or inert filler; 
moisture not to exceed 18 per cent by weight. 
Total alkalinity as Na 20 31 per cent maxi¬ 
mum; phosphate as P 2 O 5 minimum of 15 per 
cent. Also given are requirement for pH and 
buffer capacity, surface tension, cleaning 
efficiency, corrosiveness, stability, rinsing 
and dust forming properties. 

Cleaning test consists of removal of a soil 
comprising asphalt, lanolin, 1100 oil, turpen¬ 
tine and activated carbon baked on an alum¬ 
inum panel for one hour at 125 C. A spec¬ 
ialized apparatus is used for removal and is 
illustrated, which simulates a steam gun in 





BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


15 


operation. Effectiveness of removal is based 
upon weight of soil removed. 

(751) A. V. Moore, “in-Place Cleaning of 
Sanitary Pipe Lines,” Milk Dealer, Vol. 41, 
No. 12, pp. 146-151 (1952); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 46, p. 11479 (1952). 

The cleaning in place of steel milk lines, 
by employing acid and alkaline rinses, and 
sanitizing them with chlorine, is a satis¬ 
factory procedure. The critical part of the 
system is the preheater, as observed in this 
study, where the temperature gradient was 
high enough to deposit milkstone. 

(752) P. N. Murphy (to United States Steel 
Co.), “Cleaning Hot-Dip Tin Plate,” U. S. 
Patent No. 2,601,863, July 1, 1952. 

Tin plated strip after coming from the 
palm-oil tank is passed thru a solution con¬ 
taining 0.5 to 1.5 per cent soda ash at 180 to 
200 F. to remove most of the oil. A second 
bath containing 0.10 to 0.25 per cent soda ash 
removes the remaining oil, after which the 
sheet is rinsed in hot-water sprays. The 
correct amount of palm oil is then trans¬ 
ferred to the tin plate by rollers and wipers, 
the whole technique eliminating discoloration. 

(753) Kasaku Nakayama and Keiichi 
Shimizu (to Furukawa Electro-Industries Co.), 
“Electrolytic Cleaning of Copper Wire,” 
Japanese Patent No. 1906, May 30, 1952; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 57, p. 6283 (1953). 

Copper wire is passed through an elec¬ 
trolytic bath of one meter length and contain¬ 
ing 10 per cent of a 1:2 ratio silicate, 0.1 to 
0.7 per cent sodium oleate, and 1 to 3 per 
cent sodium cyanide while alternating current 
is passed with current density of 160 amp 
per sq cm. 

(754) H. Narcus, “The Role of Chelating 
Agents in the Plating Industry,” Metal 
Finishing, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 54-62 (1952). 

Use in cleaner baths recommended for 
usage at high temperature and alkalinity 
where there is limited stability of poly¬ 
phosphates. Effective in removing metal 
soaps, preventing hard water precipitates. 
Particularly effective in stabilizing meta¬ 
silicate baths to prevent deposition of collo¬ 
idal precipitate on prolonged heating. In 
neutral or alkaline solution will remove rust 
and varnish. 

* S 

(755) I. Niiya (to Hidachi Mfg. Co.), “Re¬ 
moval of Tin or Solder Coatings from Copper 
Wire,” Japanese Patent No. 4857 (1952), Nov. 
21; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 104 
(1954). 

Tin is removed from wire by heating at 
100 C in solution containing copper sulfate 
and concentrated sulfuric acid plus water. 


A solution of hydrochloric acid and copper 
chloride used for removal of solder coatings. 

(756) “Some Good Things to Know About 
Metal Cleaning,” Oakite Products, Inc., 42 
pages, (1952). 

Though illustrated by reference to pro¬ 
prietary compounds, booklet is useful in 
indicating satisfactory tank cleaning methods, 
depending upon the soils to be removed. 
Listed are general data for machine cleaning 
methods; electro-cleaning steel, brass, and 
nonferrous metals; pickling, prepaint treat¬ 
ment in machines, or by hand; steam deter¬ 
gent cleaning; barrel cleaning. 

(757) L. M. Peters (to Ferro-Glo Corp.), 
“Composition for Removing Corrosion Re¬ 
action Products from Metals,” U. S. Patent 
No. 2,585,165, February 12, 1952; Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 3486 (1952). 

Material to work rapidly and well, which 
gives off no offensive fumes, and which is 
harmless to workmen. Comprised of water 
93.08, potassium hydroxide solution 11.64, 
ammonium hydroxide (26 Be.) 11.64, sulfuric 
acid (66 Be.) 11.64 oz. 

(758) C. F. Pickett and M. Rosenfeld, 
“Cleaning Composition,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,613,186, Oct. 7, 1952; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 2404 (1953). 

Oil, grease or asphalt or mixtures thereof 
are removed from metal surfaces by contact 
with a liquid composition containing high- 
flash naphtha 35 to 90, kerosine 7 to 57 and 
diacetone alcohol (or tert-butyl alcohol) 1 to 
13 per cent. 

(759) A. Pollack, “Surface-Active Raw 
Materials for Industrial Cleaners,” Seifen- 
6 le-Fette-Wachse, Vol. 78, pp. 318-320 
(1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 7241 
(1953). 

Synthetic surface-active agents replacing 
inorganic cleaners in the metal industry. 

(760) A. Pollack, ‘Modern Electrolytic 
Degreasing,” Metalloberflache, Vol. 6, A27- 
28 (1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 
5460 (1952). 

A discussion. 

(761) A. Pollack, ‘Modern Metal Cleaning 
Methods and Installations,” Metalloberflache, 
Vol. B6, pp. 145-152 (1952); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 47, p. 2656 (1953). 

A review with 50 references. 

• ' 

(762) A. Pollack, ‘Metal Cleaning with 
Emulsions,” Chem. Ztg., Vol. 76, pp. 141- 
142 (1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 
7014 (1952). 

Metals can be economically cleaned with 


16 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


dilute emulsions of petroleum solvents. 
Emulsifiers may be soaps or nonionic agents. 
Acids may be used with the emulsions for 
simultaneous cleaning and rust removal. 

(763) C. A.M. Ripoche, “Removing Oxides, 
Oils, and Grease from Uncoated Metal,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,595,411, May 6, 1952; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, p. 9508 (1952). 

Metals prepared for enamelling by burning 
fats and oils on the surface in an oxidizing 
atmosphere, then reducing the metallic oxides 
formed by heating in a reducing atmosphere. 

(764) M. Rosenfeld and C. F. Pickett, “Di¬ 
acetone Alcohol-Ethylene triamine Conden¬ 
sation Product in Detergent Compositions,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,616,856, Nov. 4, 1952. 

Condensation product of diacetone alcohol 
and diethylene triamine enhances the deter¬ 
gent properties of diethylene triamine oleate. 
Details of preparation of the condensation 
product given. Detergent compositions con¬ 
taining these materials prepared in the usual 
cleaning solvents of which the total solids 
may consist of 29 to 60 per cent. 

(765) J. H. Secrist (to Detrex Corp.), “Non- 
corrosive Metal-Cleaning Composition,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,599,729, June 10, 1952. 

Corrosion of zinc and ferrous alloys dur¬ 
ing degreasing with chlorinated hydrocarbons 
is prevented by adding to the cleaning liquid 
0.1 to 5 per cent of benzylthiocyanate. Such 
liquid compounds which are actually sub¬ 
emulsions, may contain 100 ml trichloro¬ 
ethylene (stabilized), 2 g triethanolamine, 

6 g ethanolamine, 1 g sodium oleate, 11 ml 
water and 3 g benzyl thiocyanate. 

(766) R. Seligman, “Milk and Metals,” 
Journal, Soc. Dairy Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 
170-176 (1952); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 46, 
p. 11480 (1952). 

Mentions that some stainless steels may 
be harmed if cleaning solutions used for dairy 
cleaning are not sufficiently alkaline. 

(767) Yosamatsu Shimizu (to Scientific Re¬ 
search Institute, Ltd.) “Removing an Oxi¬ 
dized Film of Silicon Steel,” Japanese Patent 
No. 2408, July 1, 1952; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 6283 (1953). 

Film removed by the electrolysis of the 
steel in an electrolyte consisting of acid with 
either alternating or direct current, as the 
anode. 

^ (768) C. W. Smith (to Detrex Corp.), 
“Cleaning and Rustproofing Compos it ion/* 

U. S. Patent No. 2,587,777, March 4, 1952. 

Metal salts of oleic, naphthenic, lauric, 
palmitic or linoleic acids added to kerosine, 
naphtha, toluene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 


and emulsifying the solvent and soap with a 
suitable emulsifier. The soaps of the metal 
salts act to protect the surfaces. 

(769) C. J. Snyder and W. G. MacLelland 
(to Anaconda Wire and Cable Co.), “Cleaning 
Copper Articles,” U. S. Patent No. 2,608,980, 
Sept. 2, 1952; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 

p. 1030 (1953). 

Scale removed by heating the article in 
halogen-bearing atmosphere and then cooling. 
After furnace treatment, the articles are 
quenched in water. From 2 to 20 g of halide 
per 100 lb of copper articles are usually suf¬ 
ficient for the cleaning operation. The 
process is suitable for preparing copper rods 
for wiredrawing. 

(770) S. Spring, “Evaluating Metal Clean¬ 
ing Efficiency, Metal Finishing, Vol. 50, 

No. 2, pp. 65-68 (1952). 

While the water-spray pattern offers a use¬ 
ful procedure for evaluation of partially 
soiled surfaces, it cannot properly be used 
for very heavily soiled or hydrophobic sur¬ 
faces. Certain precautions must be observed 
in applying the test, among which are that 
uniform metal surfaces must be used for 
laboratory tests, care should be taken to 
rinse off the last traces of surface active 
agent, and loosely adherent oil picked up 
from the surface of the rinse water should 
not be permitted to dry onto the metal. 

(771) “Surface Preparation Specification, 
No. 1, Solvent Cleaning,” SSPC-Sp 1-52T, 
Steel Structure Painting Council, 4400 5th 
Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa., 4 pages, August 28, 
1952. 

Intent to use solvent cleaning prior to ap¬ 
plication of paint, for removal of detrimental 
foreign matter by use of solvents, emulsions, 
cleaning compounds, or steam cleaning. 
Sequence of operations given, consisting of 
mechanical removal of rough material, re¬ 
moval of grease or oil, wiping with solvent, 
spraying, vapor degreasing, immersion. 
Describes methods for accomplishing these 
ends. List of safety precautions and inspec¬ 
tion. Appendix lists and describes solvents, 
alkaline and emulsion cleaners and steam 
cleaning. Also gives safety threshold limits 
for solvents. 

(772) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 2, Hand Cleaning,” SSPC-SP 2-52T, 

Steel Structure Painting Council, Pittsburgh, 
Pa. 2 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Removal of loose mill scale and loose 
paint by hand brushing, sanding, scraping, 
chipping or other impact tools. Procedures 
listed as well as safety precautions and in¬ 
spection. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


17 


(773) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 3, Power Tool Cleaning," SSPC-SP 3-52T, 
Steel Structure Painting Council, Pittsburgh, 
Pa., 2 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Use of power tools for removal of loose 
mill scale and paint. 

(774) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 4, Flame Cleaning of New Steel/' SSPC- 
SP 4-52T, Steel Structure Painting Council, 
Pittsburgh, Pa., 2 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Cleaning and preparing unpainted metal 
surfaces by passing high temperature, high 
velocity oxy-acetylene flames over the entire 
surface, then wire brushing to remove 
loosened scale. Procedures, safety pre¬ 
cautions, and inspection details listed. 

(775) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 5, Blast Cleaning of ‘White Metal," SSPC- 
SP 5-52T, Steel Structure Painting Council, 
Pittsburgh, Pa., 3 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Abrasives propelled against surfaces to 
remove mill scale, paint, rust, or foreign 
matter. “White" metal defined as surface 
of gray white, uniform metallic color, slightly 
roughened as suitable anchor pattern for 
coatings. Procedures and safety precautions 
and inspection details given. Appendix in¬ 
cludes maximum height profile produced by 
a number of different abrasives. 

(776) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 6, Commercial Blast Cleaning," SSPC- 
SP 6-52T, Steel Structure Painting Council, 
Pittsburgh, Pa., 3 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Commercial blast cleaning for general 
purposes where high but not perfect degree of 
blast cleaning is required. Procedures in¬ 
clude removal of oil and grease by solvent 
cleaning, rust and scale by impact tools then 
blast cleaning by dry sandblasting, wet or 
water vapor, grit, shot, closed recirculated 
nozzle, grit or shot with centrifugal wheels. 
Other details of procedure follow specific 
types of blasting given. 

(777) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 7, Brush-off Blast Cleaning," SSPC-SP 
7-52T, Steel Structure Painting Council, 
Pittsburgh, Pa., 3 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Differs from commercial blast cleaning by 
not requiring complete freedom from all mill 
scale, rust and paint, but that they shall be 
tight and sufficiently abraded to provide good 
adhesion and bonding of paint. Procedures 
are given. 

(778) “Surface Preparation Specifications, 
No. 8, Pickling," SSPC-SP 8-52T, Steel 
Structure Painting Council, Pittsburgh, Pa., 

2 pages, August 28, 1952. 

Preparation of metal surfaces by removal 
of all mill scale rust by chemical reaction or 


by electrochemical action or both. Sequence 
of procedures includes first oil removal, then 
scale removal by acid pickling with sufficient 
inhibitor, electrolytic pickling, “hydride" 
descaling, proper rinsing procedures, free¬ 
dom from smut and then primed. Safety pre¬ 
cautions are given. 

(779) Haruo Takahashi (to Hidachi Manu¬ 
facturing Co.), “Metal Washing Agent," 
Japanese Patent No. 3085, August 14, 1952; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 6855 (1953). 

Hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid 
(5 per cent) containing 0.1 per cent hexa- 
methylene tetramine is used to dissolve the 
boiler scale and prevent corrosion of boilers. 

(780) H. H. Uhlig, “Metal Surface Phenom¬ 
ena," Offic. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish 
Production Clubs, No. 333, pp. 650-670 (1952); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 3774 (1953). 

Unsatisfied valence forces at the surface of 
a metal lead to a state of tension of the sur¬ 
face atoms, and these also account for ad¬ 
sorbed films of substances bonded to the 
metal surface in varying degrees. Films of 
low energies of bonding are so-called physi¬ 
cally adsorbed, and with energies of bonding 
are said to be chemisorbed. 

(781) J. van Hinte, “Degreasing of Objects 
made of Aluminum Alloys by Trichlorethy- 
lene is Hazardous," Veiligheid (Amsterdam), 
Vol. 28, pp. 121-123 (1952); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 47, p. 10152 (1953). 

Spontaneous ignition of clothing occurred 
in a bicycle parts factory, caused by spon¬ 
taneous decomposition of trichloroethylene 
by aluminum. 

(782) D. I. Walker and E. A. Dieman (to 
Standard Oil Co. of Indiana), “Fingerprint 
Corrosion-Inhibiting Composition, ' U. S. 
Patent No. 2,598,949, June 3, 1952. 

Composition contains 30 to 80 per cent 
hydrocarbon solvent, 5 to 15 per cent water 
soluble oxygenated organic solvent, such as 
an aliphatic alcohol or an aliphatic ketone, 

3 to 15 per cent oil-soluble detergent com¬ 
prising synthetic alkylaryl sulfonates having 
at least 18 carbon atoms to a mole, pre¬ 
ferably mahogany soaps of the alkaline earth 
metals, 2 to 6 per cent water and 0.1 to 2 per 
cent of a coupling agent composed of water- 
solubilized sulfonated vegetable or animal 
oil. 


1953 

(783) “Tentative Method of Test for Buffer¬ 
ing Action of Metal Cleaners," ASTM Stand¬ 
ard D 1279-53T, one page, (1953). 

Procedure for determining buffering action 


18 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


of metal cleaners which defines buffer action 
as resistance of a solution to change in pH; 
buffering capacity as the ability of an alkaline 
solution to absorb acidic material without 
marked change in pH; and the buffer index 
which is defined as the milliliters of 0.5 N 
hydrochloric acid required to decrease ini¬ 
tial pH of the solution either one pH unit, or 
some definite change in pH, as agreed upon 
by purchaser and seller. Method fully out¬ 
lined. 

(784) “Tentative Method of Total Immer¬ 
sion Corrosion Test for Soak Tank Metal 
Cleaners/' ASTM Standard D 1280-53T, 4 
pages (1953). 

Complete method for evaluation of metal 
cleaners intended for use in soak tank 
cleaners and for metals other than aluminum. 

(785) “Tentative Method of Test for Rins¬ 
ing Properties of Metal Cleaners/' ASTM 
Standard D 1281-53T (1953). 

Test designed to provide reproducible 
laboratory means for determining ease and 
thoroughness of rinsing of cleaning compounds, 
when applied to metal surfaces. Method con¬ 
sists of precleaning, application of solution 
to panel, drying, testing of dried surface with 
alcohol for residual cleaner, and with water 
break test. 

(786) W. C. Atkin, “Chemical Cleaning in 
Pulp and Paper Mills/' Southern Pulp Paper 
Mfr., Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 54, 56 (1953); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 11734 (1953). 

Several examples given of paper-mill 
equipment successfully cleaned by chemical 
methods. 

(787) N. V. de Bataafsche Petroleum 
Maatschappij, “Cleaning Cargo Tanks of 
Vessejs," Dutch Patent No. 71,770, Feb. 16, 
1953; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 9641 
(1953). 

Cargo tanks, particularly those of oil 
tankers cleaned with an alkaline aqueous 
solution at ambient temperature containing a 
water soluble inorganic nitrite, in an amount 
from 0.003 to 10 per cent by weight cal¬ 
culated on the nitrite ion. The necessary 
akalinity is obtained using alkali metal 
oxides, hydroxide, ammonia or salts of 
strong bases and weak acids, controlled to 
pH 8 to 12. 

(788| G. Batta, “Scouring (Pickling) of 
Steel," Industrie chimique beige, Vol. 18, 
pp. 111-123 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, 

Vol. 47, p. 5338 (1953). 

Pickling of ordinary steel with sulfuric 
acid and of rustproof steel 18/8, inhibition 
of pickling and its evaluation, effect of addi¬ 
tion of surfactants on pickling and determina¬ 
tion of the end of the pickling process. 


(789) D. E. Beischer, “Radioactive Mono- 
layers: A New Approach to Surface Re¬ 
search," Journal, Physical Chemistry, Vol. 
57, pp. 134-138 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 6725 (1953). 

The carbon 14 tagged stearic acid mono- 
layers on metals and the systems heated to 
react the monolayer, and the excess or un¬ 
reacted stearic acid is removed. The re¬ 
maining chemisorbed acid can act as a 
radio-autographing medium as a sensitive 
measure of the activity of the surface. 

(790) L. Brannan, “Electrolytic Tarnish 
Removal from Silver," U. S. Patent No. 
2,632,730, March 24, 1953; Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 47, p. 6284 (1953). 

Silver articles are immersed in a re¬ 
volving zinc lined drum which contains a 
solution of 5 tablespoons of sodium chloride 
and 5 tablespoons of soap per gal of water. 
The presence of insoluble soap acts as a 
polishing aid. 

(791) H. Brenner, “Tarnish-Removing 
Dips for Silver, Gold and Copper," Electro¬ 
plating and Metal Finishing, Vol. 6, pp. 371- 
373 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 
2552 (1954). 

A typical tarnish-removing dip contains by 
weight the following: thiourea 8, hydro¬ 
chloric acid (37.5 per cent concn.) 5.1, 
water soluble perfume 0.3, detergent and/or 
wetting agent 0.5, and water 86.1 per cent. 
Equation for action and the capacity to dis¬ 
solve silver sulfide are given. 

(792) H. Brenner, “Silver Dips," Soap, 
Vol., 29, No. 5, pp. 161, 163, 165, 167, 183 
(1953). 

Compositions comprising thiourea, hydro¬ 
chloric or sulfuric acid, and a wetting agent 
or detergent, are used to remove tarnish. 
Discussed are their toxicity, chemistry in¬ 
volved in cleaning silver, and their limita¬ 
tions. Formulas are given. 

(793) N. H. Brodell (to Wm. Isler), “De¬ 
scaling Ferrous Metals," U. S. Patent No. 
2,632,718, March 24, 1953; Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 47, p. 6334 (1953). 

Ferrous metals descaled inexpensively by 
using ferric chloride or other completely 
oxidized multivalent metallic solutions or 
organic halides such as carbon tetrachloride 
below the boiling point and then heating above 
1200 F for annealing period. The article at 
800 to 1100 F is quenched in water or a 10 
per cent caustic soda, or soda ash or sodium 
chloride solution at the boiling point or 
lower by immersing. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


19 


(794) “Ultrasonic Waves to Clean Metals /* 
Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 31, 

No. 15, p. 1581 (April 13, 1953). 

Detrex Corporation and Brush Electronic 
Co., using ceramic transducer have over¬ 
come limitations caused by size and proper¬ 
ties of quartz. Detrex Soniclean process 
produces ultrasonic sound energy transmitted 
through trichloroethylene at frequencies of 
430 kc per sec. Part to be cleaned is im¬ 
mersed in the solvent in the focus of inten¬ 
sity for cleaning. Ceramic transducer is 
curved, 6-in. long pipe cut in half along 
the longitudinal axis. Individual pieces can 
be connected in series and arranged to give 
wide range of focusing at only 40 v require¬ 
ment to transducer. 

(795) “Sequestering Agents Best for De¬ 
contaminating Surfaces, Chemical and 
Engineering News, Vol. 31, p. 2601 (1953). 

Nature of fission products resulting from 
the explosion of an atomic bomb depends 
upon the elapsed time, type of an atom bomb; 
most the atoms are rare earth group. The 
Foster D. Snell group used actual fission 
products incorporated into synthetic soil 
representative of the dirt in the air over 
industrial cities. Surfaces coated with the 
soil were tin, glass, cement, plaster, etc. 
After drying, the surfaces were cleaned by 
a standard technique. Heavy duty detergent 
was found more effective than either soap or 
light duty detergents. A modified form of 
sodium hexametaphosphate was found most 
economical of the sequestering agents, and 
they used two parts to one part of soap or 
synthetic detergent, and removed most of the 
soil from most of the surfaces almost com¬ 
pletely. 

(796) C. Cone and J. Huebler (to Surface 
Combustion Corp.), “Cleaning Ferrous 
Metal,” U. S. Patent No. 2,625,495, Jan. 13, 
1953; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 5868 
(1953). 

Strip steel is cleaned by preheating in an 
inert media to 670 to 1700 F, passing through 
an atmosphere that is oxidizing to carbon and 
deoxidizing to iron oxides and cooling in the 
inert media. Examples of atmospheres are 
given, and the inert media may be an inert 
gas, a molten metal or a salt bath. 

(797) G« C. Cox, “Cathodic-Descaling 
Process and Electrode,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,643,222, June 23, 1953; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 9191 (1953). 

Scale removal from ship hulls, metal tanks 
or tank cars accomplished in an electrolyte 
of sea water or dilute sulfates or chlorides, 
the sacrificial rods of aluminum, magnesium 
or zinc being connected by a flexible copper 
conductor to the metal to be descaled. When 


an external power source is used, the rods 
may be made of steel. 

(798) E. S. Criddle, “Removing Rust from 
Metal Surfaces,” U. S. Patent No. 2,661,314, 
Dec. 1, 1953, Official Gazette. 

The rusted metal is soaked for at least 
six days in a solution containing one part by 
volume of black-strap molasses and 40 
parts of water. The rust-free metal is then 
cleaned in a solution of sodium bicarbonate 
and water. 

(799) E. D. Dilling and G. L. Frederic (to 
the United States of America), “Removal of 
Scale from Zirconium,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,653,134, September 22, 1953; Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 537 (1954). 

Zirconium metal pickled in a solution 
comprising 60 per cent hydrofluoric acid 3, 

70 per cent nitric acid 3, lead nitrate 3, and 
the rest water with free lead, about 10 per 
cent by weight of the zirconium, in contact 
with the solution. The spongy precipitate is 
easily removed from the bright smooth sur¬ 
face. 

(800) S. R. Dodd and E. J. Ainsley (to 
Oakite Products, Inc.), “Essentially Non- 
aqueous, Acid Emulsion Cleaning Composi¬ 
tion,” U. S. Patent No. 2,629,696, Feb. 24, 
1953, Official Gazette. 

A phosphoric acid emulsion cleaner in the 
form of a gel. Also contains organic solvent, 
wetting agent, solid organic acid, and can be 
shipped in ordinary steel without appreciably 
attacking steel. Example three comprises 
citric acid 10 per cent, glycerine 10 per cent, 
100 per cent ortho phosphoric acid 40 per 
cent, kerosene 37 per cent, water 0.2 per 
cent, glyceryl monoricinoleate 1.8 per cent, 
wetting agent 1.0 per cent. 

(801) R. Dunlevy, H. Frick and J. H. Shoe¬ 
maker (to Kolene Corp.), “Continuous 
Cleaning of Steel Strip,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,635,063, April 14, 1953; Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 47, p. 6334 (1953). 

Molten salt eats out graphite flakes of 
polished stainless steel strip in fused alkali 
metal hydroxide baths and leaves holes which 
retain the molten salt which acts as a lubri¬ 
cant. 

(802) S. L. Eisler, “Radiometric Study of 
the Adsorption Characteristics of Stearic 
Acid,” Corrosion, Vol. 9, pp. 91-94 (1953); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 3781 (1953). 

Adsorption of polar rust inhibitors meas¬ 
ured radiometrically. The several variables 
involved wefe studied, and it is indicated 
that the method may be applied to measure¬ 
ment of the adsorption characteristics of 
petroleum sulfonates and other corrosion 
inhibitors. 


/ 


20 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


(803) N. L. Evans, “The Sodium Hydride 
Process-A New Method of Descaling Metals,” 
Journal, Inst. Production Engineers, Vol. 32, 
p. 280 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 

p. 11117 (1953). . , 

Review of this process and some of its 
characteristics. 

(804) G. L. Farrar, “Chemical Cleaning*of 
Refining Equipment,” Oil Gas Journal, Vol. 

51, No. 46, pp. 211-212, 215, 219, 223-224, 
-230, 232, 235 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, 

Vol. 47, p. 7769 (1953). 

A review with case histories. 

(805) J. de Feher, “Surface Cleaning 
Techniques,” Technical Aids for Small Busi¬ 
ness, Small Defense Plants Administration, 

No. 18, 4 pp., Feb. 1953. 

Discussion of the general techniques for 
cleaning surfaces. These are discussed under 
the headings of steels before painting and ac¬ 
cording to types, precleaning copper alloy 
surfaces, stainless steel, nickel-alloy, alum¬ 
inum, magnesium, alkaline cleaning, solvent 
cleaning, petroleum, acid pickling, electrolytic 
pickling, and a short section on ultrasonic 
cleaning. 

(806) M. N. Fineman, “Nonionics. The All¬ 
surface Cleaners,” Soap, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 
50-53, 114 (1953). 

A modification of a Launder-Ometer test 
which involves the use of clean and soiled 
metal washers as the substrates and also ap¬ 
plying soil on the inside surface of the glass 
caps used. Detersive efficiency, soil rede¬ 
position, and soil suspending action are rated. 
Anionic surfactants generally clean glass 
well, but are ineffective on metals; the ca- 
tionics promoted soil redeposition on glass; 
and nonionics are effective in cleaning both 
kinds of substrates. Alkaline salts are ef¬ 
fective in cleaning soiled metal or glass and 
in protecting these surfaces from soil rede¬ 
position. Other data concerning blends, and 
the mechanisms involved in the removal, and 
other properties are discussed. 

(807) C. B. Francis, “Method of Cleaning 
and Descaling Ferrous Bodies,” U. S. Patent 
No. 2,630,393, March 3, 1953, Official Gazette. 

Immersion in fused bath composed almost 
entirely of a mixture of alkali metal nitrate 
and alkali metal hydroxide with addition of 
from 0.1 to 3 per cent alkali metal oxide con¬ 
taining at least two atoms of oxygen per mole 
and effective as an oxidizing agent below 800 
F. 

(808) J. Frasch, “Chemical Descaling of 
Large Metallic Structures/' Corrosion et 


anti-corrosion, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 98-108 
(1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 3881 
(1954). 

Structures such as bridges, gasoline tanks, 
and ships can be descaled rapidly by a newly 
developed paste. This is essentially an emul¬ 
sion of colloidal charges, mineral acids, and 
oxidizing anions, and consists of an active 
agent and an expandable mineral. Ferrous 
salts are oxidized to rust, which mechanically 
detaches the scale. A paste containing potas¬ 
sium permanganate and ammonium sulfate 
seems to give the best results. 

(809) “G-E Ultrasonic Generator Cuts 
Cleaning Time of Small Bearings,” G-E 
Special Products Digest, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan¬ 
uary 1953. 

Installation replaced dipping process to in¬ 
crease speed 10 time and cleanliness as well. 
Fifty parts now cleaned simultaneously in 
less than one minute by one operator. Fre¬ 
quency of 300 kc, 500 kc, 750 kc and one mega¬ 
cycle available in a standard operating unit at 
115 v 60 cycle service. 

* (810) S. F. Gillette, “Cleaning Mercury,” 

Chemist Analyst, Vol. 42, pp. 44-46 (1953); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 7262 (1953). 

A piece of apparatus used in conjunction 
with 10 per cent nitric acid, to clean and wash 
mercury. 

(811) A. G. Grav, “Alkaline Cleaning for 
Metal Finishing,” Metal Progress, Vol. 63, 

No. 2, pp. 84-87 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, . 
Vol. 47, p. 3207 (1953). 

Sixteen formulas for cleaning steel are 
given. 

(812) T. N. Griswold and J. O. Thoen, 
“Chemical Cleaning is a Versatile Tool,” Oil 
Gas Journal, Vol. 51, No. 46, pp. 236, 239-240, 
242 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 
7769 (1953). 

Discussion of the use of portable and 
permanent chemical cleaning systems for re¬ 
finery equipment. Shown that permanent sys¬ 
tem is more economical to operate than is 
the portable type for cleaning heat-exchanger 
equipment. 

(813) J. W. Hensley, “Radioactive Tracers 
Track Metal-Cleaning Effectiveness,” Plat¬ 
ing, Vol. 40, pp. 366-368 (1953). 

See Reference No. 681A. 

Film of tagged stearic acid spread on 
metal and the degree of removal by cleaning 
procedures determined. 

(814) R. D. Howard and R. E. Samuelson 
(to Beech Aircraft Corp.), “Etching and 
Cleaning of Aluminum, * U. S. Patent No. 
2,637,634, May 5, 1953; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 7997 (1953). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


21 


Aluminum and alloys etched and cleaned by 
dipping for four minutes in a solution con¬ 
taining nitric acid 20, hydrofluoric acid (50 
per cent) 3 per cent by volume, boric acid 1 
per cent by weight and water to make 100 
per cent by volume. This solution can be 
used from room temperature to 130 F. 

(815) “New Cleaning Process Uses Ultra¬ 
sonic Waves,” Industrial Laboratories, Vol. 

4, No. 5, pp. 18-19 (1953). 

Detrex Soniclean Process, see Reference 
No. 794. Largest commercial ultrasonic 
equipment produced to date purchased by 
Remington Rand Inc., for cleaning shaver 
heads'. Unit conveyorized and added to cycle 
for maximum cleaning efficiency. 

% 

( (816) S. S. Johnston and J. E. Elswick, 
“Method of Cleaning Strip,” U. S. Patent No. 

'2,628,924, February 17, 1953, Official 
Gazette. 

Consists of mechanical set-up to thoroughly 
rinse electrolyte salts from metal strip. % 

(817) W. Kaufmann, “Problems of Ex¬ 
change of Wetting Films in Technology,” 
Zeitschrift fur Elektrochemie, Vol. 57, pp. 
530-533 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, 
p. 2947 (1954). 

Replacement of a film of one liquid on a 
solid by another is important, as in “flush¬ 
ing” of dyes, de-ashing of coal, ore concen¬ 
tration by flotation, and pumping of water 
into oil beds. Not mentioned, but important 
is replacement of water from metal surfaces, 
and some of the theory mentioned may be ap¬ 
plicable. 

(818) M. A. Lesser, “Modern Metal 
Polishes,” Soap, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 157, 159, 
161, 165, 171, 173 (1953). 

A review, with discussion of polish require¬ 
ments, chemical action, odor and types of 
polishes. Formulas are given. 

(819) M. A. Levesque, “Cleaning Oxide 
from Oxidized Molybdenum Wire, U. S. 
Patent No. 2,626,224, Jan. 20, 1953; Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 3216 (1953). 

Oxide film removed without appreciable 
amount of metal by dipping first in a hot 
solution of 8 parts nitric acid and 3 parts 
water for about 10 sec. While still wet 
dipped into 3 parts hot hydrochloric acid and 
8 parts water. Process then repeated if 
necessary. 

(820) A. J. Liebman, et al, “Surface pre¬ 
paration of Steel for Organic and Other Pro¬ 
tective Coatings. Second Interim Report of 
Committee TP-6G on Surface Preparation for 
Organic Coatings,” Corrosion, Vol. 9, pp. 


173-185 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 
p. 5859 (1953). 

Critical discussion and merits of the fol¬ 
lowing methods of surface preparation: sur¬ 
face oxidation by weathering, wire brushing, 
impact tool cleaning, grinding, flame condi¬ 
tioning, nozzle blast cleaning, wheel blasting, 
chemical pickling, and surface conditioners. 
Discussion also of surface preparation of 
zinc and galvanized steel surfaces, mainte¬ 
nance and repair jobs and the assembly of 
dissimilar metals. 

(821) V. I. Likhtman and P. A. Rebinder, 
“The Influence of Adsorption-Active Media 
on the Mechanical Properties of Metals,” 
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk S. S. S. R., Ser. Fiz., 
Vol. 17, pp. 313-332 (1953); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 48, p. 1758 (1954). 

Resistance of solids to stress and rupture 
is lowered by adsorbed surface-active layers 
which lower the surface tension and penetrate 
into microcracks preventing the interlocking 
at this spot. The limit of plastic flow of mono¬ 
crystals of lead and tin was lowered by solu¬ 
tions of palmitic or oleic acid and cetyl 
alcohol. Similar lowering of resistance to 
stress and rupture of polycrystals of copper 
and aluminum wires was observed. Ad¬ 
sorption also reduces resistance to fatigue. 

(822) H. B. Linford and E. B. Saubestre, 

“A New Degreasing Evaluation Test: The 
Atomizer Test,” ASTM Bulletin, No. 190, 
pp. 47-50 (1953). 

An atomizer is used to spray a dilute dye 
onto metal surfaces being evaluated for de¬ 
greasing prior to plating. Test said to have 
better sensitivity than does the water break 
test and is less expensive than the radio¬ 
active test. 

(823) H. B. Linford, “A New Degreasing 
Evaluation Test: The Atomizer Test,” 

Nat. Bureau of Standards (U. S.), Circular 

. No. 529, pp. 125-129 (1953); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 47, p. 12203 (1953). 

See Reference No. 812. 

(824) H. B. Linford and E. B. Saubestre, 
“Cleaning and Preparation of Metals for 
Electroplating. V. Oil Spreading Rates,” 
Plating, Vol. 40, pp. 379-386 (1953). 

Oils which adsorb strongly (oleic acid) 
spread least while non-adsorbing oils (min¬ 
eral oil) spread rapidly. Fatty oils (lard) are 
intermediate in behavior. Spreading rates 
are higher on matte than on polished sur¬ 
faces. Films of stearic acid render total 
surfaces oleophobic, while oleic acid renders 
them oleophilic. 

(825) H. B. Linford and E. B. Saubestre, 
“Cleaning and Preparation of Metals for 


22 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


Electroplating. VI. Sensitivity of Degreasing 
Evaluation Tests," Plating, Vol. 40, pp. 489- 
496, 633-634, 639-645 (1953). 

Degreasing evaluation tests in order of de¬ 
creasing sensitivity are: Atomizer; spray- 
pattern; fluorescent dye; potassium ferri- 
cyanide paper; copper sulfate dip. Sensitivity 
said to correlate with oil spreading rates, 
wetting determined by the number of mole¬ 
cules present rather than mass or thickness 
of film. Mineral oil-fatty acid mixtures do 
not have additive property in wetting. 

(826) H. B. Linford and E. B. Saubestre, 
“Cleaning and Preparation of Metals for 
Electroplating. VI. Sensitivity of Degreasing 
Evaluation Tests/' Plating, Vol. 40, pp. 1269- 
1271 (1953). 

Collected data for sensitivity of several 
cleanliness tests for polished and matte sur¬ 
faces with fatty acids, fatty esters, medium 
oils and paraffin oils. Average values in 
grams per square centimeter follow: 


Spray pattern . lx 10' 6 

Atomizer. 1 . . . . 8x 10"® 

Fluorescent dye. lxl O'^ 

Radiotracer...1.7 x 10' 7 

Potassium ferrlcyanlde paper. 6 x 10'^ 

Copper sulfate dip . 9 x 10' 6 


(827) H. E. Lloyd, “Removal of Mercury 
from Metal Surfaces," Chemist Analyst, Vol. 
42, pp. 23-24 (1953). 

To remove mercury from stainless steel 
washers, rub with powdered sulfur and wipe 
off with paper the black mercuric sulfide 
formed. Rinse in water, dry, oil, and replace 
in service. Procedure works with copper, 
brass, and bronze if the surface is smooth and 
not rough, so that mercury may collect in 
depressions. 

(828) F. A. Lowenheim, “Tarnish Remover," 
U. S. Patent No. 2,628,199, Feb. 10, 1953; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 5868 (1953). 

Metals such as silver, silver plate, copper 
and copper alloys are cleaned by the appli¬ 
cation of an aqueous solution of a composition 
containing 4 parts by weight of thiourea and 
one part by weight of an organic acid having 
pK of 1 to 5 (negative log of the dissociation 
constant K). Suitable acids are citric, oxalic, 
tartaric, phthalic, and succinic. A wetting 
agent can also be added to improve the action. 

(829) T. G. McDougal, E. W. Pierce, and 
W. A. Bychinsky (to General Motors Corp.), 
“Cleaning Spark Plugs," U. S. Patent No. 
2,627,148, Feb. 3, 1953; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 4526 (1953). 

Cleaned with a composition consisting of a 
mixture of bentonite 0.25 - 2.0, water 2.8-3, 
powdered feldspar 40-65 per cent by weight 
and the rest diethylene glycol monobutyl 


ether. The bentonite and water form a gel¬ 
atinous suspension agent for the feldspar 
abrasive and the solvent, and the solvent 
softens the varnish and gum in the deposit 
while the abrasive removes it. The particle 
size dimensions of the feldspar are given. 

(830) A. M. Mankowich, “Total Phosphates 
in Metal Cleaning Compositions," ASTM 
Bulletin, No. 194, pp. 50-51 (1953). 

A more rapid and accurate method is 
based upon perchloric acid oxidation of the 
alcohol insoluble portion of the cleaner. The 
procedure is outlined. 

(831) Marshall Sittig, “Descaling Titanium 
with Sodium Hydride," Iron Age, Vol. 172, 

No. 25, pp. 137-139 (1953); Chemical Ab¬ 
stracts, Vol. 48, p. 1916 (1954). 

Oxide scale on hot-rolled titanium is suc¬ 
cessfully removed in a bath of sodium hydride. 
The low operating temperature of 680-720 F 
eliminates the danger of hydrogen embrittle¬ 
ment. After the hydride bath, the sheet is 
given a water quench where residue from the 
descaling bath is removed, to be followed by 
two acid washes of 6 per cent nitric acid con¬ 
taining 1/2 to 1 per cent hydrofluoric acid, 
and a final water rinse. 

(832) P. Melchior, “Corrosion of Alumi¬ 
num Utensils," Z. Metallkunde, Vol. 44, pp. 
83-84 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 
p. 5332 (1953). 

The black pitting in aluminum kitchen 
utensils is ascribed to carbonized carbohy¬ 
drates and is not caused by the material. 
Mechanical cleaning of the surfaces is the 
best procedure to prevent such pitting. 

(833) Solvent, Degreasing, Self-Emulsify¬ 
ing, Military Specification MIL-S-11090 
(Ord), March 3, 1953. 

Detailed requirements which exclude 
phenolic or cresylic type acids or their . 
salts, chlorine compounds,-benzene or to¬ 
luene. Emulsion stability of 10 parts solvent 
to 90 parts water must exceed 6 hr. The 
solvent shall show no water break and shall 
remove soda base grease, tar and asphalt. 
Effectiveness shall be not less than that of a 
comparison formula given. 

(834) Detergent, Synthetic, Nonionic (Poly¬ 
ethyleneglycol Monoalkylaryl Ether), Military 
Specification MIL-D-16791B, Dec. 9, 1953. 

Detailed requirements are compatibility 
with anionic and nonionic detergents, mini¬ 
mum interfacial tension, stability to acid 
and oxidation, with certain chemical constitu¬ 
tion requirements. 

(835) A. Miller and E. A. Hedman, “A 
Simple Reproducible Method for Determining 








BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


23 


Metal Cleaning Efficiency," ASTM Bulletin, 

No. 194, pp. 51-52 (1953). 

Method developed for evaluation of compo¬ 
sitions in perspiration removal efficiency, 
free rinsing characteristics and possible 
corrosion-prevention properties. Method 
applied to investigation of deterioration of 
fine instruments in storage. Perspiration 
and residual cleaner deposits are especially 
obnoxious. 

Selected for test were 1 by 1 by 1/2-in. 
high-leaded clock brass blocks, which were 
carefully surface ground and pre-cleaned. 

The precleaning schedule comprised re¬ 
moval of surface grinding contaminants in 
warm detergent solution with mechanical 
abrasion followed by two methanol baths, 
and trichloroethylene degreasings for 10 min. 
Following this is a 10 min soak at 180 F in a 
trisodium phosphate, metasilicate, detergent 
solution followed by two bright dips in a 
sulfuric-nitric acid mixture to remove surface 
oxide. Specimens then dried in hot absolute 
methanol and stored in dried benzene. 

Test surfaces then abraded to reproduce 
uniformly activated surface using wet 400- 
grit silicon carbide paper. This operation 
critical since nonuniformity of surfaces leads 
to invalid conclusions. 

After polishing, specimens are oiled in 
carbon treated di (2-ethylhexyl)sebacate and 
drained specified time under specified condi¬ 
tions. 

Duplicate specimens were cleaned with the 
oiled surface soiled with one fingermark, and 
then submitted to cleaning cycle under investi¬ 
gation. At the end of the cleaning cycle sam¬ 
ples were preheated one hour to a tempera¬ 
ture of 65 C then placed in storage container 
at 65 C and 100 per cent relative humidity. 

At the end of 12 hr the blocks are removed 
and examined. 

It was observed that kerosene emulsion 
cleaners and proprietary horological cleaners 
were poor in fingerprint removal efficiency 
and ease of rinsability. Ammonium oleate 
solutions are effective cleaners but poor 
fingerprint removers necessitating methanol 
rinses. 

(836) L. Osipow, G. Segura, Jr., C. T. Snell, 
and F. D. Snell, “Comparative Cleaning of 
Diphase and Emulsion Systems, Measured by 
Radioactive Tracers,"industrial and Engineer¬ 
ing Chem., Vol. 45, pp. 2779-2782 (1953). 

Comparison of diphase and emulsion 
cleaning systems based upon removal of syn¬ 
thetic soil from steel panels. Soil composed 
of white petrolatum 35, Kaydol mineral oil 50, 
palmitic acid 5, barium carbonate 5 and Ex¬ 
celsior carbon black 5. The barium carbonate 
and palmitic acid were tagged with carbon 14, 
the carbon black contained carbon 14, and 
fission products from Oak Ridge National 


Laboratory were used as tracer compounds. 
Soil was painted onto panels with small 
brush, then weighed and activity determined. 
The concentrated cleaner base contained in 
parts by weight the following: 


Kerosene. o'* 0 

Pine oil (Yarmor 302). 22.5 

Oleic acid . 5*4 

T r iethanolam ine. 3.6 

Butyl cellosolve. 1*5 


These were used for both diphase and emul¬ 
sion cleaners with the following modifications: 
The diphase cleaner consisted of 1.6 ml of 
the above added to 48.4 ml of deionized water, 
and the emulsion cleaner was made by com¬ 
bining the ingredients except that the trie¬ 
thanolamine was added to 50 parts of deion¬ 
ized water and then combined to form the 
emulsion, which consisted of 2.4 ml of this 
emulsion to 47.6 ml deionized water. 

Rate cleaning was much greater with 
diphase than the emulsion cleaner, the former 
removing in one minute what required the 
emulsion cleaner 5 min to remove. The 
diphase cleaner removed fission products 
and palmitic acid preferentially while pal¬ 
mitic acid was also removed preferentially 
by the emulsion cleaner. 

Difference in behavior between two sys¬ 
tems explained on the basis of wetting ten¬ 
dencies of components of the system and by 
energy of activation required for desorption 
of surfactant anions from emulsified solvent 
droplets present in the emulsion cleaner. 

(837) E. F. Ottens, “Practical Aspects of 
Zinc and Cadmium Plating," Products Fin¬ 
ishing, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 24-26, 28, 30, 33, 
34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44 (1953). 

For excellent plating, steel surfaces are 
■prepared in two separate cleaning stages: 

(1) Removal of grease, oil and dirt from 
parts. Here visual cleanliness is ample. 
Commonly used methods are vapor degreas¬ 
ing, solvent washing, emulsion cleaning, 
diphase cleaning and spray power washing. 

(2) Second stage requires use of alkaline 
soak cleaners and electro cleaners. Dis¬ 
cusses components of alkaline cleaners. 

Scale and rust are removed by pickling with 
inhibited acids. Smut with hot rolled or high 
carbon steel best removed by barrel tumbling 
with a mild abrasive or by brushing and wip¬ 
ing. New alkaline electrolytic derusting 
processes found beneficial. Nitric acid 
pickling also helpful, in smut removal with 
certain grades of steel. 

(838) M. H. Pakkala and F. J. Phillips (to 
United States Steel Corp.), “Cleaning and De¬ 
scaling Ferrous Articles, U. S. Patent No. 
2,641,559, June 9, 1953; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 47, p. 7430 (1953). 

Iron and alloy steels are descaled by im- 







24 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


mersion at 650-900 F for 10 to 20 min in a 
molten salt bath containing alkali nitrate 40 
to 99.9, alkali metal nitrite 0 to 60, and 
alkali metal peroxide 0.1 to 5 per cent, and 
then dipped in dilute sulfuric acid. 

(839) F. J. Prescott, J. K. Shaw, and J. 
Lilker, “Sequestering Agents in Aluminum 
Etching,” Metal Finishing, Vol. 51, No. 10, 
pp. 65-67 (1953). 

Scale produced in baths containing poly¬ 
hydroxy acids was removed by simple rinsing. 
Gluconic acid was found to be the most effi¬ 
cient additive for preventing the formation of 
adherent nonrinsable scale and in reducing 
the amount of scale formed. Tartaric and 
glucoheptonic acids were next in effectiveness. 
Alkylaryl sulfonates at higher concentrations 
were satisfactory but caused foaming. 

(840) “Cleaning Stubborn Deposits from 
Stainless Fabrications-Oily Stains/’ Products 
Finishing, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 83-85 (1953). 

Armco Research Laboratories recommend 
removal of fingerprints, oil, grease, wax, 
greasy dirt and other oily stains from stain¬ 
less steel by making sudsy solution of Tide 
or other similar detergent, adding about 1/4 
as much carbon tetrachloride or similar 
chlorinated solvent. The mixture is shaken 
thoroughly to emulsify. Using rubber gloves 
and good ventilation, the emulsion is rubbed 
lightly over the stain then rinsed with clean 
water. Colored trademark stencils can 
similarly be removed. Cleansing powders 
known not to scratch can be used, but not on 
mill-rolled finishes. Rub or wipe in the 
direction of the scratches and not across 
them. 

(841) “Electric Shavers Degreased by 
Ultrasonic Process,” Products Finishing, 

Vol. 17, No. 8, p. 76 (1953). 

Largest unit ever built for commercial 
usage, and is conveyorized. Said to be ex¬ 
ceptionally useful for high cleaning quality or 
for removal of soil from fine openings. 

(842) “Soniclean Process,” Products 
Finishing, Vol. 17, No. 8, p. 112 (1953). 

Use of special transducer elements over¬ 
comes size limitations. Element is curved 
6 in. length, and can be arranged in series 
for larger size, the converging sound waves 
focusing to a straight line as long as the 
transducer. These are used in a trichloro¬ 
ethylene solvent medium. Only 40 v is 
required to operate the elements. 

(843) “Caustic Soda Cleans Dimpling Dies 
in Aircraft Plant,” Products Finishing, Vol. 

17, No. 12, pp. 78, 82 (1953). 

Time for cleaning shortened from 8 hr per 
week to an easy 10 min job. Abrasives had 


been used to clean burrs, burned grease and 
paint off chromed die faces and this asso¬ 
ciated with the 600 F heat of the dimp¬ 
ling operation caused cakes which ruined the 
die configuration and caused marred and mis¬ 
shaped dimples. Caustic soda at a cup to the 
gallon of water, at 200 F was used as a soak 
for 2 to 10 min, rinsed with water and dried, 
comprised the treatment. Solution said not 
to damage chrome, iron or steel from which 
the dies are made. 

(844) R. J. Rieckhoff (to Sinclair Refining 
Co.), “Solvent Cleaning of Spark Plugs,” 

U. S. Patent No. 2,660,544, Nov. 24, 1953; 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 2951 (1954). 

Oxide deposits are removed by immersing 
the spark plugs in boiling ammonium citrate 
solution for periods of 20 min. Concentration 
of the solution varies between 10 and 20 per 
cent. 

(845) M. Rosenfeld and C. F. Pickett, 
“Method of and Composition for Removing 
Rust and Scale,” U. S. Patent No. 2,631,950, 
March 17, 1953. 

Composition and process for removing iron 
and rust scale comprising oxalic acid and hy¬ 
drolyzable chloride of a trivalent metal from 
either iron or aluminum, the mole ratio of 
oxalic and salt lying within the range 96.5 to 
3.5, and not less than 83.6 and 16.4. 

(846) T. K. Ross, “influence of Organic 
Detergents on Metal Corrosion,” Metal 
Treatment and Drop Forging, Vol. 20, pp. 
183-187 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 
p. 9035 (1953). 

Corrosion in presence of a detergent takes 
the form of wetting, reaction with the metal, 
adsorption on the metal, breakdown of ad¬ 
sorbed film, reaction of adsorbed film with 
metal, and action of detergent upon cor¬ 
rosion products. Typical examples reviewed. 

(847) J. H. Rusch, ‘ ‘Clean Your Con¬ 
densers Chemically,” Power Engineering, 

Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 76-78 (1953); Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 11601 (1953). 

Chemical cleaning is faster, more com¬ 
plete, gives better metal protection, and can 
be used on the outside. The composition of 
the deposit must be known. Solvent used ap¬ 
parently inhibited 5 per cent hydrochloric 
acid. 

(848) N. Saito (to Mitsubishi Electro- 
Engineering Co.), “Oxide-Film Removal 
from Silicon-Steel Plates,” Japanese Patent 
No. 318/53), Jan. 27; Chemical Abstracts, 

Vol. 48, p. 1230 (1954). 

Oxide films removed by immersion for 10 
min at 50 C in a solution containing phos¬ 
phoric acid (d. 1.7) 1, nitric acid 0.2, hydro- 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


25 


fluoric acid 0.05 and acetic acid 0.1 part by 
volume. 

(849) C. B. Shepherd, “Trichloroethylene,” 
Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 31, No. 
3, pp. 234-237 (1953). 

Of the trichloroethylene produced 90 per 
cent goes into vapor degreasing. Increase in 
the rate of solvent degreasing equipment 
manufacture sales in 1951 about four times 
that in 1947 which was estimated at about 
15,000 units. Trichloroethylene accounts 
for nearly 93 per cent of all vapor degreas¬ 
ing solvent consumed in the U. S., the re¬ 
maining 7 per cent composed largely of 
perchloroethylene which is useful for higher 
temperature degreasing. Estimated propor¬ 
tion of cleaning as follows: 

Alkali washing. 40-45 per cent 

Vapor degreasing. 15-20 per cent 

Emulsion cleaning. 5-10 per cent 

Miscellaneous. 25-40 per cent 

Diagrams of four cleaning systems are 
given: vapor, vapor-spray-vapor, warm 
liquid-vapor, boiling liquid-warm liquid- 
vapor. 

(850) Y. Shimizu and K. Haga “Electroly¬ 
tic Descaling of Silicon-Steel Sheets. II. In¬ 
fluence of Electrolytic Solutions,’’ Reports 
Science Research Inst. (Japan), Vol. 29, 

pp. 194-202 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, 

Vol. 48, p. 470 (1954). 

Electrolytic polishing accomplished, with 
a descaling effect accompanied at times by 
spontaneous dropping of the scale assisted 
by silicon and silica in the films. 

(851) C. J. Snyder and W. G. MacLelland 
(to Anaconda Wire & Cable Co.), “Cleaning 
Copper Articles,” U. S. Patent No. 2,643,961, 
June 30, 1953; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 
p. 8630 (1953). 

Copper articles cleaned from scale by 
heating them with 2 to 5 lb per ton of any 
chlorinated, brominated, or iodated organic 
compound for 2 to 5 min at 300 F, then to 
1250 F, and finally water-quenching. The 
scale is peeled easily and completely. Ex¬ 
cellent results were obtained with the use of 
iodoform, ethyl iodide, etc. Koroseal and 
similar insulating compounds were suitable 
for the purpose. 

(852) E. G. Stroud and J. E. Rhoades- 
Brown, “Mild Steel Rust Prevention,” 

Journal, Applied Chem. (London), Vol. 3, pp. 
287-288 (1953); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, 
p. 11117 (1953). 

Mild steel specimens were dip-coated in a 
solution of lanolin and exposed under shel¬ 
tered outdoor conditions for a 6 month 
period. Adequate protection of the metal sur¬ 
face resulted when the lanolin concentrations 


in white spirit were over 12.5 per cent by 
weight. 

(853) A. T. Thibadeau, “How to Clean Zinc 
Base Die Castings before Plating,” Products 
Finishing, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 68-70 (1953). 

Buffed die castings react more rapidly with 
cleaning solutions than unbuffed pieces. Oxi¬ 
dation of the surface may cause difficulties, 
while bath may etch surface excessively. 
Preliminary cleaning with solvent, emulsified 
solvent or soap-type soak is necessary for 
removal of heavy soil, followed by mildly 
alkaline cleaning solution. 

Aluminum bearing zinc alloys may show 
blistering which results from adsorption of 
hydrogen from the action of strong alkali and 
pickling baths. Anodic cleaning has been 
proven superior provided that a mild acid 
treatment is given to reactivate the parts. 
Following cleaning an acid dip is used, but 
this must be thoroughly rinsed followed by a 
copper strike. Castings should be plated 
immediately following buffing to prevent hard 
setting of buffing compound and oxidation and 
contact with acid and alkali fumes which ac¬ 
company aging. 

(854) A. Thomassen, Sr., “Necessity of 
Chemical Pretreatment of Metal Surfaces 
Before Application of Lacquers and Paints,” 
Verfkroniek, Vol. 26, pp. 14-17 (1953); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 8388 (1953). 

Mechanical and chemical ways of cleaning 
of surfaces before application of paint, etc., 
or anticorrosive, for the removal of all 
grease, fats, oxides, and mill scale, were com 
pared. The chemical methods proved pre¬ 
ferable. 

The Colarit process, a new system for 
carrying out the necessary cleaning, pickling, 
phosphating, and drying with a gas-heated 
flame pistol, which also allows spraying of 
paints and other protective coats, not con¬ 
taining any of the common solvents or 
thinners is described in detail. 

(855) R. S. Treslder (to Shell Development 
Co.), “Cleaning and Inhibiting Corrosion of 
Metal Tanks of Ships,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,653,882, Sept. 29, 1953; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 48, p. 540 (1954). 

Process comprises spraying the inner 
walls of the tanks which contain petroleum 
residues with an alkaline solution of pH 
greater than 7.8. The resulting mixture is 
allowed to settle, the petroleum residues dis¬ 
carded and the aqueous solution reused. 

(856) A. Walcher (to American Steel 
Foundries), “Cleaning of Hollow Steel Cast¬ 
ings,” U. S. Patent No. 2,654,682, Oct. 6, 

1953; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 102 
(1954). 






26 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


To remove foundry sand from large, 
hollow steel castings, the still hot castings, 
preferable at 600 F or more, are immersed 
in water several times. The resulting “ex¬ 
plosions” blast all cores, chills, and sand 
from the castings. 

(857) R. S. Wise, F. M. Watkings, et al, 
“List of Corrosion Inhibitors Compiled. Re¬ 
port of Committee TP-9 on Corrosion Inhi¬ 
bitors,” Corrosion, Vol. 9, p. 151 (1953); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 47, p. 5860 (1953). 

An alphabetical compilation consisting of 
about fifty names and a literature reference 
for each inhibitor. Further information re¬ 
quired on the less-known inhibitors. 


1954 

(858) P. H. Cardwell, “Chemical Cleaning 
in Central Stations,” Transactions, Am. Soc. 
Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 76, pp. 47-59 
(1954); Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 2551 
(1954). 

Removal of scale deposits in central- 
station equipment found necessary to use 
acid solvents, alkaline solutions, emulsions 
of organic liquids in an aqueous alkaline 
medium and thickened acid solvents. Treat¬ 
ing techniques which must be used are the 
filling and soaking method, jetting at high 
pressures to break up deposits mechanically, 
spraying of thin or thick solvents onto the 
scale when it is present in large vessels or 
tanks, the circulating technique to remove 
organic material, and when possible cleaning 
the equipment while in service. Mentions 
improved acid inhibitors. 

(859) H. C. De Hoff (to Standard Oil De¬ 
velopment Co.), “Cleaning Composition for 
Automobile Radiators,” U. S. Patent No. 
2,666,000, Jan. 12, 1954; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 48, p. 4150 (1954). 

A mixture of equal parts of oxalic acid and 
ammonium oxalate is more effective in re¬ 
moving iron rust from radiators than either 
compound used alone. One pound of the mix¬ 
ture plus about 5 per cent detergent is dis¬ 
solved in water contained in a 14 to 16 quart 
radiator. After boiling out and rinsing the 
radiator is neutralized with a mixture of one 
ounce each of soda ash and tetrasodium 
pyrophosphate. 

(860) C. C. Flora, C. J. Arnold, and E. J. 
Finnegan, “Conventional Lines Cleaned in 
Place,” Milk Plant Monthly, Vol. 43, No. 1, 
pp. 21-26, 48 (1954); Chemical Abstracts, 

Vol. 48, p. 4233 (1954). 

Detergent and sanitizer compounds with 
temperature for use in dairy pipe lines 
given. 


(861) C. F. Gurnham, “Ultrasonic Clean¬ 
ing,” Products Finishing, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 
54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 (1954). 

Review of ultrasonic application to metal 
cleaning, including means for producing, that 
is, electromagnetic, magnetostrictive and 
piezoelectric. Because of energy dissipated 
in fluid medium, generation must be near 
point of use. 

Mentions three installations: Schick, Inc., 
for cleaning shaver heads, Fairchild Camera 
and Instrument Corp., for cleaning small 
precision wound rotary slidewire potentio¬ 
meter and a multiple crystal installation at 
the Refrigerating Unit Mfg. Division, of 
General Electric Co. This latter uses four 
transducers, each separately driven, and vi¬ 
brators located twelve in. apart in the floor of 
the cleaning tank, the work passing over them 
in conveyorized system, so indexed that each 
piece of work is positioned over the center of 
each crystal. 

The Soniclean System by Detrex Corp., 
utilized the barium titanate ceramic trans¬ 
ducer. Only 120 v power is required for an 
ultrasonic frequency of 430 kc per sec and 
solvent currently used is trichloroethylene, 
though the process is not limited to these 
conditions. System involves conveyorized 
work passing thru boiling soak tank, rinse, 
and ultrasonic cleaner section with distillate 
spray for final rinse. 


(862) H. B. Linford and D. O. Fader, 
“Cleaning and Preparation of Metals for 
Electroplating. VIII. Effect of Oxide Films. 
A Survey of the Literature,” Plating, Vol. 41, 
No. 3, pp. 279-286 (1954). 

A “clean” surface will have surface atoms 
with unsatisfied valence forces extending out¬ 
ward and these are those which account for 
chemisorption of foreign atoms and Van der 
Waals forces which permit metal surfaces to 
adsorb by “physical” means. 

Oxide films may be determined by contact 
resistance, adsorption methods including con¬ 
tact potential, photoelectric effect, accomoda¬ 
tion coefficient and vacuum microbalance; 
electrochemical reduction; adhesion and 
friction methods; optical methods; electron 
diffraction; solution potential; wettability 
methods. In certain cases, the plating bath 
removes oxide films by chemical solution of 
the films in electrolyte or chemically or 
electrochemically by reduction of oxide or 
mechanical removal by vigorous hydrogen 
evolution. 


^ (863) W. A. Marshall (to Pure Oil Co.), 
“Chemical Method for Removing Residual 
Sand from Metal Castings Formed in Sand- 
Type Molds,” U. S. Patent No. 2,666,001, 

Jan. 12, 1954; Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 
4414 (1954). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


27 


Commercial mono-, di-, and hexafluoro- 
phosphoric acids containing corrosion inhibi¬ 
tors used to remove adherent sand from 
ferrous and nonferrous castings. A two to 
one ratio of mono- to difluorophosphoric acids 
by weight preferred, and the acids, anhydrides 
and salts of tri- and quinquevalent arsenic are 
among the more suitable inhibitors. Residual 
acids must be rinsed off, preferably with hot 
water. 

(864) B. F. H. Scheifele, “Cleaning of 
Metal Before Coating/' Deutsche Farben- 
Zeitschrift, Vol. 8, pp. 8-18 (1954); Chemical 
Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 4397 (1954). 

Review of mechanical and chemical methods 
with 22 references. 

(865) I. E. Shafer and S. L. Terry, “Con¬ 
denser-Cleaning Problem," Southern Power 
and Industry, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 52-53 (1954); 
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 48, p. 1733 (1954). 

A heavily calcium carbonate coated con¬ 
denser had the scale removed by the addition 
of sulfuric acid under controlled conditions. 

(866) B. J. Sherwood, “Emulsifiable Solvent 
Cleaning," Metal Finishing, Vol. 52, No. 3, 
pp. 70-72 (1954). 

Review of cleaning processes. Emulsifiable 
solvent cleaning has solvent and penetrating 
ability, easily emulsifiable, physiologically 


harmless, harmless to alkaline cleaners and 
high soil capacity. Outlines operating tech¬ 
nique. 

(867) L. W. Sockman and E. W. Brady (to 
Northrop Aircraft, Inc.^), “Detecting Surface 
Flaws by use of Dyes,' U. S. Patent No. 
2,667,070, Jan 26, 1954; Chemical Abstracts, 
Vol. 48, p. 5065 (1954). 

Minute flaws in surface of metals detected 
by use of an alizarin base dye dissolved in a 
penetrant solution. 

Dye dissolved in a solution composed of » 
50-75 per cent ethylene glycol monobutyl 
ether and 50-25 per cent dibutyl phthalate, 
the dye being added to saturate and known as 
Mefford No. 322 red dye. Polished parts are 
dipped into the dye, then cleaned in Stoddard 
solvent, flushed with water and allowed to 
dry. The parts then dipped into a developer 
solution composed of 25 per cent precipitated 
chalk by volume and 75 per cent alcohol and 
again allowed to dry. Flaws visible as bleed¬ 
ing onto developer coat. 

(868) L. F. Spencer, “Descaling Stainless 
Steels," Metal Finishing, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 
54-59 (1954). 

Mechanical and chemical methods described. 
In furnace treatment the scale can be kept low 
by use of an endothermic atmosphere. This 
combined with a ferric sulfate-hydrofluoric 
acid bath gives good results. 




' . 










SUBJECT INDEX 


A 

Abrasive: 673A, 675A, 731, 775 
Accelerators: 702F 
Acetone: 666A, 732 

Acid: 695E, 716, 724, 744, 745, 762, 767, 
800, 837, 853, 858, 863, 868 
Acid, Acetic: 724, 848 
Boric: 814 

Chromic: 616A, 673A, 720 
Citric: 670A, 702D, 724, 800, 828 
Consumption: 702E 
Emulsion: 800 
Fluorophosphoric: di: 863 
Fluorophosphoric: hexa: 863 
Fluorophosphoric: mono: 863 
Glucoheptonic: 839 
Gluconic: 839 

Hydrochloric: 486B, 595A, 712A, 713A, 
722, 726, 755, 779, 791, 792, 793, 
819, 847 

Hydrofluoric: 616A, 671A, 676C, 682B, 
708A, 720, 799, 814, 831, 848 
Hydroxy acetic: 724 
Lactic: 724 
Naphthenic: 68IE 

Nitric: 676C, 682B, 722, 799, 810, 814, 
819, 831, 848 
Nitric-hydrofluoric: 676C 
Oleic: 824, 836 
Organic: 724, 800, 828 
Oxalic: 695B, 828, 845, 863 
Palmitic: 836 

Phosphoric: 639B, 666A, 670A, 671B, 
695, 702A, 703A, 713D, 724, 732, 
739, 747, 779, 800 

Phthalic: 828 
Polyhydroxy: 839 

Stearic: 681A, 736, 789, 802, 813, 824 
Succinic: 828 

Sulfuric: 676C, 681D, 703A, 713A, 755, 
757, 779, 792, 838, 865 
Tartaric: 639B, 724, 828, 839 
Trichloracetic: 670A 
Adhesion: 676A 

Adsorption: 673B, 676A, 682A, 780. 802, 
846 

Alcohol: 595B, 673B, 732, 782 

Aldehyde: 737 

Alkali: 713D, 720, 805, 811- 849, 853 
Alkali cleaner: 671 A, 682B, 837 

Alkali cleaner evaluation: 681A 
Alkali metal nitrite: 838 
Alkali metal peroxide: 838 
Alkali nitrate: 838 
Alkali soak: 616A 
Alkyl sulfate: 682A 

Alkylaryl sulfonate: 682A, 724, 782, 839 
Alkyl phenol: 741 
Alkylol amines: 734 


Aluminum: 639A, 666A, 672B, 695E, 

711 A, 713B, 718, 739, 781, 784, 797, 
805, 814, 821, 832, 839 
Aluminum alloys: 713B, 739, 781, 814 
Aluminum chloride: 695B, 845 
Aluminum-magnesium alloys: 671A 
Aluminum utensils: 832 
Aluminum-zinc alloys: 853 
Amines: 734, 737, 741 
Amine, hexamethylene, tetra: 779 
Ammonium citrate: 844 
Ammonium hydroxide: 757 
Ammonium oxalate: 859 
Ammonium sulfate: 808 
Analysis: 830 
Animal oil: 741 
Anionic sulfonate: 806 
Aqua regia: 722 
Aromatic solvent: 70 5A 
Arsenic inhibitor: 863 
Asphalt: 705A, 750, 758, 833 
Atomizer test: 733, 822, 823, 825 
Automobile: 859 


B 

Ball bearings: 809 
Ball point pens: 709A 
Barium carbonate: 836 
Barrel cleaning: 672A, 756, 837 
Bentonite: 703A, 829 
Benzylthiocyanate: 765 
Bicycle parts: 781 
Bifluoride: 616A 

Blast cleaning: 776, 777, 820, 853 

Boilers: 70 2B 

Boiler, descaling: 486B 

Boiler scale: 779 

Borax: 703A 

Brass: 695E, 756, 827, 835 
Bridges: 808 
Brightener: 69 5A 
Brittleness: 68IB 
Bronze: 681D, 681F, 827 
Brush cleaning: 681C 
Brush-off blast cleaning: 777 
Buffer capacity: 750 
Buffering: 783 
Buffering test: 783 
Buffing compound: 853 
Burning: 763 
Burrs: 843 

Butyl cellosolve: 747, 836 


C 

Cadmium: 837 
Cadmium plated: 666A 
Calcium carbonate: 865 


29 


30 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


Carbon 14: 681A 

Carbon: 750, 799 

Carbon black: 836 

Carbon removal: 68ID 

Carbon tetrachloride: 666A, 793, 840 

Carboxyirethyl cellulose: 670A 

Cargo tanks: 787 

Castings: 671A, 676B, 682B, 863 

Cathodic cleaning: 49 2A 

Cathodic descaling: 797 

Cationic surfactant: 806 

Cellosolve: 717 

Centrifugal wheel: 776 

Cetyl alcohol: 821 

Chalk: 675A 

Chelating agent: 754 

Chemical cleaning: 689A, 702B 

Chemical descaling: 620A 

Chemisorption: 780, 789 

Chipping: 772 

Chlorinated solvent: 734, 74 5, 765, 768 
Chrome: 843 

Chromate film remover: 671A, 682B 
Chromating bath: 673A 
Chromic oxide: 595B 
Clay: 675A 

Cleaner demand: 709B 
Cleanliness: 706A 
Cleaning-in-place: 716 
Cleaning composition: 771, 811 
Cleaning operations, distribution: 849 
Cleaning test: 632A, 681A, 695D, 706A, 
732, 735, 736, 747, 806, 813, 833, 835, 
836 

Cleanliness test: lb, 5C, 32D, 702A, 
704A, 733, 770, 822, 823, 825, 826, 867 
Cleanliness test sensitivity: 822, 825, 

826 

Cleanliness test, radiotracer: 748 
Cleaning efficiency, water spray pattern: 

770, 825, 826 

Contact angle cleanliness test: 702A 
Colorit process: 8 54 
Composition: 68IE, 765 
Condenser: 847, 865 
Contact angle apparatus: 733 
Continuous cleaning: 713C, 801 
Copper: 574A, 595A, 695E, 718, 739, 769, 
797, 821, 827, 828, 851, 853 
Copper alloy: 805, 828 
Cuprous chloride: 755 
Copper-nickel: 68ID 
Copper sulfate: 67IB 
Copper sulfate dip: 826 
Corroded metal: 671A 
Corrosion: lb, 79B, 632A, 639A, 672A, 
676D, 682B, 695A, 711A, 723, 741, 749, 
757, 765, 779, 797, 802, 832, 846, 855, 
857 

Corrosion inhibitor: 782 
Corrosion inhibitor: See inhibitors. 
Corrosion mechanism: 723 
Corrosion test: lb, 79B, 784 
Corrosiveness: 748 
Coupling agent: 782 
Cresylic acid: 68IE 


D 

Dairy: 716, 724, 751, 765, 860 
Decontaminating: 748, 795 
Degreasing: 595B, 666A, 713B, 721, 728, 
765, 781, 794, 822, 823, 825, 826, 833, 
837, 841 
Derusting: 49 2A 

Descaling: 486B, 574A, 595A, 620A, 

639B, 676C, 702C, 702E, 702F, 708A, 

713A, 726, 729, 738, 740, 746, 769, 772, 
773. 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 793, 
796, 797, 799, 807, 808, 831, 837, 838, 
839, 845, 848, 850, 85 1, 854, 868 
Descaling, advantages: 486B 
Diacetone alcohol: 758, 764 
Diacetone alcohol, ethylenetriamine 
product: 764 
Dies: 843 
Die casting: 853 
Dimpling dies: 843 

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 829 

Diethylene triamine: 764 

Dimethyl ketone: 699A 

Dip cleaning: 725 

Diphase cleaning: 745, 836, 837 

Dishwashing: 718 

Dodecylbenzylammonium sulfate: 739 
Drop test, cleanliness: 70 2A 


E 

Electric shavers: 841 
Electrolytic cleaning: 492 A, 510D, 673A, 
706A, 712A, 727, 745, 746, 753, 756, 

760, 767, 778, 837, 850 
Electrolytic pickling: 80 5 
Electroplating: 686A, 824, 825, 826, 862 
Electrostrictive: 709A 

Emulsifying agent: 670B, 762 
Emulsions: 670B, 695C, 695E, 725, 744, 

761, 762, 768, 771, 800, 808, 833, 836, 
858, 866 

Emulsion stability: 833 

Enamelling: 763 

Engine cooling systems: 695 B 

Etching: 713B, 814, 839, 853 

Ethylamine: 725, 765 

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether: 737 

Ethyl iodide: 851 


F 

Fat: 67 5 A 

Fatty acid: 673B, 825 
Feldspar: 829 
Ferric chloride: 793, 845 
Ferric sulfate: 708A 

Ferric sulfate-hydrofluoric acid: 708A, 868 
Films: 682A, 780, 817 
Film replacement: 817 
Fingerprint: 782, 835, 840 * 

Fingerprint remover: 632A, 745, 749 
Fingerprint solution: 632A 
Fission products: 836 
Flame cleaning: 774 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


31 


Flame condition: 820 
Flame pistol: 854 
Flash point: 632A, 666A 
Fluorescent dye cleanliness method: 

702A, 733, 825, 826 
Formaldehyde: 726 
Fused bath: 676C 

G 

Galvanizing: 702D 
Galvanized steel: 820 
Gasoline tanks: 808 
Gel: 670A, 67IB, 745, 800, 829 
Glycerol: 703B, 800 
Glyceiyl monoricinoleate: 800 
Graphite removal: 746, 801 
Grinding: 820 
Grit: 776 

Grease: 681C, 682B, 692A, 695C, 699A, 
747, 758, 763, 771, 776, 833, 837, 840, 
843, 854 

Gum removal: 829 


H 

Halide organics: 851 
Hand cleaning: 756, 772 
Hazards: 781 
Heat exchanger: 812 
Hexametaphosphate: 795 
Horological cleaners: 835 
Hot dip tin plate: 752 
Hydride bath: 778 

Hydrocarbon solvent: 782, 805, 852 
Hydrogen evolution: 68IB 
Hydrogen peroxide test: 733 


I 

Impact cleaning: 772, 776, 820 
Induction heating: 740 
Inhibited acids: 837 

Inhibitor: 595A, 595B, 620A, 639A, 672A, 
676D, 681B, 695B, 702F, 723, 726, 727, 
730, 737, 747, 765, 778, 797, 802, 847, 
852, 855, 858, 863 

Inhibitor, list: 857 
Inhibitor, testing: 68IB 
In-place cleaning: 751 
Interfacial tension: 834 
Iodoform: 851 

Iron: lb, 510D, 574A, 595A, 666A, 676B, 
676C, 702E, 726, 732, 738, 739, 746, 
793, 796, 807, 816, 838, 843, 863 

Isopropyl alcohol: 68IE 


J 

Jetting: 858 
Jet Washer: 672A 


K 

Kerosene: 673C, 675B, 699A, 758, 768, 
800, 835 


Ketone: 782 
Koroseal: 851 


L 

Lanolin: 673A, 741, 750, 852 

Lapping compound: 681C 
Laundei^Ometer: 806 
Lead: 799, 821 
Lead nitrate: 799 
Liquid impact: 731 
Liquor-abrasive ratio: 731 
Liquid-warm liquid-vapor: 849 
Lithsolvent E. B.: 595A 
Lubricant: 741 
Lubricating oil: 705A 


M 

Machine chips: 721 
Machine cleaning: 756 
Magnesium: 394C, 616A, 671A, 673A, 
682B, 720, 797, 805 
Magnesium chloride: 713D 
Magnesium oxide: 675A 
Magnetostrictive: 709A 
Mahogany acids: 68IE 
Mannite: 6 39 A 

Marine electrocleaning: 492A, 504B 

Marine oil: 741 

Market: 709B 

Manganese: 739 

Meat peptone: 639A 

Mechanical cleaning: 689A, 806, 868 

Mechanical spray cleaners: 745 

Mercury: 810, 827 

Mercury removal: 827 

Metal surfaces: 673 B 

Methyl alcohol: 632A, 717, 835 

Methyl ethyl ketone: 695 A 

Milk: 766, 860 

Milk lines: 751 

Milk protein: 724 

Milkstone: 751 

Mill scale: 773, 777 

Mineral oil: 706A, 824, 836 

Molasses: 798 

Molten bath: 574A, 713A, 738, 796, 801, 
807, 838 

Molten zinc chloride: 738 
Molybdenum: 819 
Monochlorobenzene: 68 IE 
Monoethanolamine: 68IE 
Monoethanolamine oleate: 704B 
Monolayers: 682A, 789 


N 

Naphtha: 68IE. 717, 758, 768 
Naphthenates: 741 
Nickel alloy: 805 
Nickel plated: 712A 
Nickel silver: 68ID 
Nitrate bath: 807 
Nitrite: 797 
Nitrobenzene: 682B 


32 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


Nonferrous: 756 y 

Nonionics: 762, 806, 834 Quartz transducer: 709A 

Nozzle blast cleaning: 820 


O 

Oil: 758, 763, 776, 778, 837, 840 
Oil spreading rates: 824, 825 
Oil tanks: 787 
Olein: 675B, 741 
Oleyl alcohol: 741 
Organic finishes: 69 5 E 
Oxidation: 853 

Oxide: 722, 796, 819, 831, 844, 854, 862 

Oxide films, measurement: 862 
Oxide removal: 67IB, 708A, 763, 767, 862 
Oxide scale: 676C 
Oxyacetylene: 774 


P 

Paint: 702A, 725, 756, 771, 772, 773, 774, 
805, 820, 843, 854 

Paint removal: 682B 
Palm oil: 504C, 752 
Paper mills: 786 
Paraffin: 675A 
Passivation: 676D 
Paste: 675A, 808 
Pectin: 670A 
Perspiration: 835 
Petrolatum: 836 
Petroleum hydrocarbon: 762 
Petroleum residue: 855 
Petroleum solvent: 725 
Petroleum sulfonate: 705A, 802 
pH: 783 

Phosphates: 486B, 750 
Phosphate determination: 830 
Phosphatization: 666A, 854 
Phosphate coating: 666A, 717 
Pickling: 616A, 676C, 681B, 681D, 708A, 
719, 720, 722, 730, 737, 746, 756, 778, 
798, 799, 805, 820, 837, 854, 857 
Pine oil: 725, 836 
Pitting: 832 

Platinum dipper technique: 682A 
Polar compound adsorption: 673B 
Polishing: 670B, 675A, 790, 818 
Polyethylene glycol monoaiylether: 834 
Polyphosphate: 754 
Polyvinyl alcohol: 670B 
Portable cleaning: 812 
Potassium ferricyanide paper: 32D, 825, 
826 

Potassium ferricyanide test: lb, 32D 
Potassium hydroxide: 757 
Potassium permanganate: 808 
Potentiometer cleaning: 861 
Proprietary compounds: 756 
Protective treatment: 394C 
Pulp mills: 786 
Pumice: 702D 
Pyridine: 595B, 737 
Pyrogallol: 639B 


R 

Radiators: 859 

Radioactive tracer: 681 A, 723, 735, 736, 
744, 789, 802, 813, 826, 836 
Radioactive benzoate: 723 
Radioactive cleaning test: 681A 
Radioactive surfaces: 748 
Radio auto graph: 789 
Razor heads: 709A 
Refining equipment: 804, 812 
Resin removal: 510D 

Review: 742, 744, 760, 761, 804, 864, 866 
Rhode Island Arsenal Drop test: 702A, 733 
Rinsing: 750, 770, 778, 785, 816, 835 
Rinsing test: 785, 835 
Rods: 719 

Rust: 699A, 702C, 703A, 713D, 727, 754, 
776, 777, 797, 802, 808, 837, 845, 852, 
859 

Rust inhibitor: 67IB 

Rustproofing: 725, 768 

Rust removal: 639B, 670A, 747, 762 


S 

Safety precautions: 771, 772, 773, 774, 
775, 776, 781 
Sand: 863 
Sanding: 772 
Sand-blasting: 620A 
Sanitary pipe lines: 751 
Sanitizer: 860 
Scale: 845, 858, 865 
Screw machine production: 709A 
Sea water: 797 
Sea water solubility: 748 
Sequestration: 795, 839 
Shaver heads: 700A, 815, 861 
Ship cleaning: 492A, 504B, 797, 808, 855 
Shot blasting: 729, 776 
Silicon carbide: 738 
Silicon steel: 767, 850 
Silver: 698A, 790, 792, 828 
Silverware: 675A, 717, 828 
Smut: 702A, 778, 837 
Soak tank: 672B, 744, 784, 853 
Soap: 681E, 682A, 704B, 725, 744, 753, 
754, 762, 768, 790, 795, 821, 853 
Soda ash: 675B, 711A, 752, 859 
Sodium bicarbonate: 798 
Sodium bisulfate: 702C, 724 
Sodium chloride: 727, 790 
Sodium cyanide: 727, 753 
Sodium fluoride: 727, 738 
Sodium hydride: 803, 831 
Sodium hydroxide: 616A, 639A, 682B, 

711A, 712A, 713A, 727, 787, 801, 807, 
843 

Sodium hydroxide, fused: 676C 
Sodium hypochlorite: 711A 
Sodium metasilicate: 711A, 732, 754 
Sodium oleate: 753, 765 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


33 


Sodium peroxide: 676C 
Sodium phosphate, mono-: 731 
Sodium phosphate, tetrasodium pyro-: 739, 
859 

Sodium phosphate, tri-: 703A, 706A, 711A, 

712A 

Sodium phosphate, tripoly-: 732 
Sodium silicate: 67IB, 672A, 706A, 712A, 
727, 753 

Sodium stannate: 727 
Sodium sulfate: 702C 
Sodium thiocyanate: 737 
Soil suspending: 806 
Solder removal: 755 

Solvent: 632A, 666A, 670B, 673A, 673B, 
673C, 674A, 675B, 681C, 689A, 692A, 
695C, 695E, 700A, 702A, 704B, 705A, 
706A, 709A, 713B, 717, 720, 721, 725, 
732, 734, 744, 745, 747, 758, 762, 764, 
768, 771, 776, 781, 782, 800, 805, 829, 
833, 837, 840, 842, 844, 849, 851, 852, 
853, 858, 861, 866 
Solvent, emulsion: 720 
Solvent immersion: 728, 771 
Solvent immersion-vapor: 728 
Solvent, safety: 771 
Solvent, spray: 728 
Solvent, wiping: 771 
Soniclean process: 784, 815, 842, 861 
Spark plugs: 829, 844 
Spontaneous ignition: 781 
Spot welding: 739 
Spray cleaning: 725, 771 
Spray power washing: 837 
Stability to acid: 834 
Standard cleaning: 702A, 717 
Stain prevention: 741 
Stainless steel: 702F, 708A, 718, 722, 

729, 765, 798, 801, 805, 827, 840, 868 
Stannous chloride: 702D 
Starch: 713D 
Statues: 68IF 

Steam cleaning: 695D, 732, 743, 750, 756, 
771 

Steam cleaner formulation: 743 
Steam gun: 750 

Steel: lb, 504C, 666A, 695E, 702A, 702E, 
706A, 709B. 713D, 717, 721, 723, 751, 
756, 767, 788, 797, 800, 801, 805, 820, 
836, 837, 845, 850, 852, 856 
Steel scrap: 721 
Steel castings, hollow: 856 
Stencil remover: 840 
Strip: 504C, 681D, 706A, 729, 796, 801, 
816 

Sulfonates: 741 

Sulfonated alcohol: 674A, 702D, 727 
Sulfonated anthracene oil: 702C 
Sulfonated oil: 782 

Sulfonated petroleum compound: 674A 
Sulforicinoleate: 675B 
Surfaces: 134B 

Surface active agents, See Wetting Agents. 
Surface, flaws, determination: 867 
Surface tension: 676A, 704A, 750 
Surface treatments: 695E 
Suspending power: 748 


Synthetic soil: 836 
Synthetic soil, radioactive: 795 


T 

Tank car: 797 

Tank cleaning: 756, 797, 855, 858 
Tar: 833 

Tarnish: 718, 790, 791, 792, 828 

Tarnish prevention: 718 

Tarnish removal: 790, 791, 792, 828 

Tarnish removal mechanism: 791 

Tarnishing mechanism: 718 

Terpinyl glycol ether: 725 

Tertiary butyl alcohol: 758 

Tetrachloroethane: 721 

Thiourea: 791, 792, 828 

Tide: 840 

Tin: 795, 821 

Tin plate: 7 52 

Tin removal: 755 

Tire bead wire: 713C 

Titanium: 831 

Toluene: 768 

Tool Shavings: 721 

Toxicity: 792 

Trichloroethylene: 702A, 703B, 704B, 
704D, 706A, 717, 721, 747, 765, 781, 
794, 835, 842, 849 

Triethanolamine: 595B, 725, 765, 836 

Thiethanolamine oleate: 704B 

Tragacanth: 639A 

Transducer, ceramic: 794 

Tripoli: 675A 

Triton X-100: 732, 747 

Tubing: 595A 

Turpentine: 750 

Type matrixes: 734 

Typewriter bars: 703B 


U 

Ultrasonic cleaning: 681C, 700A, 709A, 
794, 805, 809, 815, 841, 861 


V 

Valence forces: 780 

Vapor degreasing: 717, 728, 771, 837, 849 

Vapor degreasing, mechanism: 728 

Vapor, immersion: 728 

Vapor-spray-vapor: 849 

Varnish: 754 

Varnish removal: 829 

Vaseline: 675A 

Vegetable oil: 741 

Vessels: 797 


W 

Warm liquid-vapor: 849 

Water break: 5C, 682A, 717, 733, 747, 833 

Wax: 5C 

Weathering removal: 68 IF 
Welding: 739 


34 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


E 


Wet blasting: 731, 776 
Wetting: 676A, 817, 825, 846 
Wetting agents: 706A, 711A, 716, 724, 
726, 732, 744, 759, 770, 791, 792, 795, 
798, 800, 806, 821, 828, 834, 836, 839, 
840, 846, 859 

Wetting agent effect on metals: 821 

Wettability: 5C, 704A 

Wheel blasting: 820 

Wheelabrator: 729 

White metal: 775 

Wire: 713C, 719, 755, 769, 820 

Wire brushing: 774, 820 


Wire drawing: 719 


X 

Xylene: 717 


Z 

Zinc: 695E, 718, 765. 797, 820, 837, 853 
Zinc chloride: 738 
Zinc Sweat: 68 ID 
Zirconium: 799 


AUTHOR INDEX 


A 

Adam, N. K., 134B 

Admiralty Corrosion Committee, 492A 
Ahlstrom, W., 716 

Ainsley, E. J., See Dodd, S. R., 800 
American Soc. Testing Materials, 717, 783, 

784, 785 

American Steel Foundries. See Walcher, A., 856 
Anaconda Wire and Cable Co. See Snyder, C. J., 
769, 851 

Armco Research Laboratories, 840 
Arnold, C. J. See Flora, C. C., 860 
Atkin, W. C., 786 

Atomix Inc. See Boe, C. F., 670B 


B 

Bacon, L. R., 718 
Baldridge, W. M., 719 
Barbian, H. A., 720 
Bash, J. M., 721 

de Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, 787 
Batta, G., 722, 788 

Beech Aircraft Corp. See Howard, R. D., 814 
Beghin, A. J., 670A 
Beischer, D. E., 789 

Birco Chem. Corp. See Burke, J. P., 67IB 

Boe, C. F., 670B 

Bohler, Gebr., & Co. A-G., 574A 

Bouillon, H. See Batta, B., 722 

Brady, E. W. See Sockman, L. W., 867 

Brannan, L., 790 

Brashear, D. M., 723 

Brunner, H., 791, 792 

Brussey, G. E., 724 

de Brocq, L. F., 671A, 682B 

Brodell, N. H., 793 

Brush Development Co., 709A 

Brush Electronic Co., 794 

Burke, J. P., 671B 

Bychinsky, W. A., See McDougal, T. G., 829 


C 

Campbell, C. A., 725 

Cardwell, P. H., 726, 858 

Chapman, A. A. G., 727 

Clements, P. F., 672A 

Close, G. C., 728 

Cole, H. G., 673A 

Cone, C., 796 

Cox, G. C„ 504B, 797 

Criddle, E. S., 798 

Crown Cork & Seal Co. Inc., 504C 


D 

Daniel, S. G., 673B 
Davidsohn, A., 673C 
DeHoff, H. C., 859 


Delaney, J. B., 729 
Detrex Corp., 794, 815, 861 
See Secrist, J. H., 704B, 765 
See Smith, C. W., 768 
Devaux, M. H., 5C 

Dieman, E. A, See Walker, D. I., 782 

Dilling, E. S., 799 

Dittfeld, A., 674A 

Dodd, S. R., 800 

Douty, A., 730 

Dow Chem. Co., See Cardwell, P. H. 726 
Duetsch, E., 675A 
Dugnami, A., 675B 
Dunlevy, R., 801 

Du-Lite Chem. Corp., See Vemer, H. G., 666A 


E 

v. Eichborn, J. L., 676A 

Eilers, L. H. See Cardwell, P. H., 726 

Eisler, S. L., 802 

Elswick, J. E. See Johnston, S. S., 816 
Evans, N. L., 803 

Evans, U. R. See Mears, R. B., 79B 
Everhart, J. L., 731 


F 

Fader, D. O. See Linford, H. B., 862 

Fairchild Camera and Inst. Corp., 861 

Farrar, G. L., 804 

de Feher, J., 805 

Fernhaden, G., 676B 

Ferro-Glo Corp. See Peters, L, M., 757 

Fineman, M. N., 806 

Finnegan, E. S. See Flora, C. C., 860 

Fischer, G., 595A 

Fisher Scientific Co., 709A 

Flora, C. C., 860 

Foryst, J. See Smialowski, M., 706A 
Frager, M., 510D 
Francis, C. B., 676C, 807 
Frasch, J., 676D, 808 

See Frend, H. M., 595B 
Frederic, G. L. See Dilling, E. D., 799 
Frend, H. M., 595B 
Frick, H. See Dunlevy, R., 801 
Furukawa Electro-Industry. See Nakayama, K., 

753 


G 

General Electric Co., 700A, 709A, 809, 861 
See Weber, C. F., 712A 
General Motors Corp. See McDougal, T. G., 
829 

General Sound Co., 709A 
Gillette, S. F., 810 
Gray, A. G., 733, 811 
Griswold, T. N., 812 
Gurnham, C. F., 861 


35 


36 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


H 

Hamburg, P. F., Jr. See Beghin, A. J., 670A 
Harvey, D. See Baldridge, W. M., 719 
Hauger, F. M. See Baldridge, W. M., 719 
Hedman, E. A. See Miller, A., 835 
Heinicke, W., 734 

Hendrickx, H. See de Vleeshauwer, A., 711A 
Henkel & Cie. See Rogner, H., 702C 
Hensley, J. W., 681A, 735, 736, 813 
Hidachi Mfg. Co. See Niiya, I., 755 
See Takaheshi, H., 779 
Hill, W. H., 737 
Holden, A. F., 738 
Holman, E. R., 739 
Howard, R. D., 814 
Huebler, J. See Cone, C., 796 

I 

Irwin, E. R., 681E 
Iserson, J. See Frager, M., 510D 
Isler, W., See Brodell, N. H., 793 
Insl-X-Corp. See Beghin, A. J., 670A 


J 

Jack, J. F. S., 68IF 
Jahn, E. J., 741 
Johnston, S. S., 816 


K 

Kahan, G. J., 682A 
Kaufman, W., 8 17 
Kirkpatrick, J. S., 616A 

Kobernik, O. H. See Roberson, D. M., 702B 
Kolene Corp. See Dunlevy, R., 801 
Koppers Co. Inc. See Hill, W. H., 737 


L 

Lamb, V. A., 742 
Landi, G. R., 620A 
Lesser, M. A., 743, 744, 745, 818 
Letfuss, W., 746 
Levesque, M. A., 819 
Liebman, A. J., 820 
Likhtman, V. I., 821 
Lilker, J. See Prescott, F. J., 839 
Linford, H. B., 686A, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 
862 

Lloyd, H. E., 827 

Lowenheim, F. A., 828 

Lowstuter, W. R. See Boe, C. F., 670B 


Me 

McDougal, T. G., 829 
McKenzie, I. B., 689A 


M 

MacLelland, W. G. See Snyder, C. J., 769, 851 

Macnaughtan, D. J., 32D 

Madjeski, A. See Smialowski, M., 706A 


Mankowich, A. M., 830 

Marshall, W. A., 863 

Massa Laboratories, 709A 

Mathis, J. L. See Holman, E. R., 739 

Mears, R. B., 79B 

Melchior, P., 832 

Miller, A., 835 

Miller, E. T., See Baldridge, W. M., 719 
Miller, J. C., 639A 

Mitsubishi Electro-Eng. Co., See Saito, N., 848 
Moore, A. V., 751 
Mortellili, J. P., 695E 

Moulaert, J. See de Vleeschauwer, A., 711A 
Murphy, P. N., 752 


N 

Nagel, A., 639B 
Nakayama, K., 753 
Narcus, H., 754 
Niiya, I., 755 

Northrop Aircraft Inc., 867 

Nutting, E. G. Jr. See Bacon, L. R., 718 


O 

Oldt, L. M., 394C 

Oakite Products Inc. See Dodd, S. R., 800 
Ofson, G., 698A 
Osipow, L., 836 
Ottens, E. F., 837 


P 

Pakkala, M. H., 838 

Parry, E. See Cole, H. G., 673A 

Peters, L. M., 757 

Petering, W. H. See Secrist, J. H., 704B 
Phillips, F. J. See Pakkala, M. H., 838 
Pickett, C. F. 758 See Rosenfeld, M., 764, 
845 

Pierce, E. W. See McDougal, T. G., 829 

Pignotti, P., 699A 

Pollock, A., 759, 760, 761, 762 

Prescott, F. J., 839 

Pure Oil Co., 863 


R 

Raickhoff, R. J., 844 

Rakowski, L. See de Brocq, L. F., 671 A, 
682B 

Rebinder, P. A. See Likhtman, V. I., 821 

Remington Rand Corp., 815 

Rhoades-Brown, J. E. See Stroud, E. G., 852 

Rice, T., 702A 

Ripoche, C. A. M., 763 

Roberson, D. M., 702B 

Robinson, B. P. See Cardwell, P. H., 726 

Rogner, H., 702C 

Rompler, G., 702D o* 

Rosenfeld, M. See Pickett, C. F., 758, 764, 
845 

Ross, T. K., 846 
Rossi-Landi, G., 702E, 7 02F 
Rusch, J. H., 847 




BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


37 


S 

Saito, N., 848 

Samuelson, R. E. See Howard, R. D., 814 
Santi & Co., H., 703A 
Saturnino, M., 703B 

Saubestre, E. B. See Lindord, H. B., 686A, 

822, 823, 824, 825, 826 
Scheepers, L. See Batta, G., 722 
Scheifele, B. F. H., 864 
Schick, Inc., 861 

Schimizu, K. See Nakayama, K., 753 
Schultze, K., 704A 

Scientific Res. Inst. Ltd. See Shimizu, Y., 767 

Secrist, J. H., 704B, 765 

Seeley, F. See Roberson, D. M., 702B 

Segura, G., Jr., See Osipow, L., 836 

Seligman, R., 766 

Shafer, I. E., 865 

Shaur, J. K., See Prescott, F. J., 839 
Shell Development Co. See Jahn, E. J. 741 
See Treslder, R. S., 855 

Shepherd, C. B., 849 
Sherwood, B. J., 866 
Shimizu, Y., 767 See Haga, K., 850 
Shoemaker, J. H., See Dunlevy, R., 801 
See Webster, H. G., 713A 
Showalter, J. C., 705A 
Sittig, M., 831 

Sinclair Refining Co. See Rieckhoff, R. J.,844 
Sinton, W. J., 486B 

Skinner, H. A. See Hensley, J. W., 681A, 736 
Smith, C. W., 768 

Smith, H. E. See Beghin, A. J., 670A 

Smialowski, M., 706A 

Snell, C. T. See Osipow, L., 836 

Snell, F. D. See Osipow, L., 836 

Snyder, C. J., 769, 851 

Sockman, L. W., 867 

Solventol Chem. Products Inc. See Campbell, 
C. A., 725 

Spencer, L. F., 708A, 868 
Spring, S., 770 

Standard Oil Co. See Irwin, E. R., 681E 
Standard Oil Co. of Indiana See Walker, D. I., 
782 

Standard Oil Development Co., 859 
See Showalter, J. C., 705A 
Starr, J., 709A 

Steel Structure Painting Council, 771, 772, 

773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778 
Stove, E. R. See Brashear, D. M., 723 


Stroud, E. G., 852 

Suter, H. R. See Hensley, J. W., 681A, 736 

Surface Combustion Corp., 796 

Swift and Co. See Brissey, G. E., 724 


T 

Takahashi, H., 779 

Terry, S. L. See Shafer, I. E., 865 

Thibadeau, A. T., 853 

Thoen, J. O. See Griswold, T. N., 802, 812 
Thommasen, A., Sr., 854 
Thordeman, B. See Olson, G., 698A 
Toyoda Automobile Industries Co. See 
Yamada, Shizuhiro, 713D 
Thrslder, R. S., 855 

Turco Products, Inc. See Holman, E. R., 739 


U 

Uhlig, H. H., 780 

U. S. Steel Corp. See Francis, C. B., 676C 
See Murphy, P. N., 752 
See Pakkala, M. H., 838 


V 

van Hinte, J., 781 
Verner, H. G., 666A 
de Vleeshauwer, A., 711A 


W 

Walcher, A., 856 
Walker, D. I., 782 
Walker, W. H., lb 

Watkins, F. M., See Wise, R. S., 857 
Weber, C. F., 712A 
Webster, H. G., 713A 
Wennerholm, O., 713B 
Williams, C. H. Jr., 713C 
Wise, R. S., 857 

Wood, L. S., See Verner, H. G., 666A 


Y 

Yamada, Shizuhiro, 713D 

Young, H. H. See Brissey, G. E., 724 


SPECIFICATION INDEX 


Air Force: 


538A 

MIL-C-881 

October 1, 1949 

97A 

50062B 

July 27, 1938 

579 

Ind. Notes 

March 31, 1950 

119 

20015B 

October 12, 1940 




170 

268 

20025 

14126 

June 15, 1942 

March 23, 1944 

Corps of Engineers: 


268A 

20038 

October 2, 1944 

419B 

1 

March 12, 1947 

313 A 

14128A 

February 21, 1945 




314 

14131A 

March 5, 1945 




315 

20015D 

July 24, 1945 

Federal: 


358A 

452A 

493 

494 

14156 

14119C 

14156 

.20043A 

March 4, 1946 

July 1, 1948 

March 4, 1948 

March 22, 1949 

141 

179 

422 

423 

P-D-236 

P-C-576 

Proposed 

Proposed 

1941 

November 6, 1942 
February 10, 1947 
February 10, 1947 




732 

P-S-00751 

August 15, 1952 

Air Force-Navy: 





452B 

AN-C-174 

July 6, 1948 

Frankford Arsenal: 


452C 

493A 

AN-P-88 

AN A-3 19 a 

September 20, 1948 
August 4, 1949 

325 

FED-1310 

July 20, 1945 

Army: 



Holabird Ordnance Depot: 

76B 

98-20007 

June 21, 1935 

146 

ES-382a 

February 6, 1941 

452C 

4-113 

August 6, 1948 







Jersey City QM Corps: 


Army-Navy Aero: 


286 

1016A 

September 1, 1944 

315A 

AN-P-13a 

April 13, 1945 




337B 

J AN-P-116 

May 8, 1945 




432A 

JAN-C-490 

August 21, 1947 

Military: 





632 

MIL-C-1839 

J anuary 3 1, 1950 

Army Ordnance: 


633 

MIL-C-5410A 

October 10, 1950 

495 

AXS-1849 

June 15, 1949 

634 

MIL-C-5543 

(See 452B) 

J anuary 9, 1950 




635 

MIL-C-5546A 

August 21, 1950 




638 

MIL-T-7003 

September 5, 1950 

Army service Forces: 


693 

MIL-C-6864A 

May 21, 1950 

217 

ASF HQ Man. 


694 

MIL-C-16045 

March 15, 1951 


M-406 

December 11, 1943 

695A 

MIL-C-5410A 

June 25, 1951 




695C 

MIL-C-20207 

October 16, 1951 




749 

MIL-C-15074A 

October 1, 1952 

Bureau of Aeronautics: 


834 

MIL-D- 1679 IB 

December 9, 1953 

453B 

52R16 

April 1948 




692A 

MIL-C-7122 

February 20, 1951 




748 

MIL-C-7907 

July 1, 1952 

Military Ordnance: 


750 

MIL-C-6135 

December 20, 1952 

637 

MIL-C-10578 

October 3, 1950 




695B 

MIL-C- 10597A 

July 25, 1951 

Bureau of Ships: 


695D 

MIL-C-11494 

October 18, 1951 

136 

51C20 

March 15, 1941 

833 

MIL-S-11090 

March 3, 1953 

362A 

51C65 

August 15, 1946 




453C 

51C49 

November 1, 1948 




502 

502A 

51C69 

PB 98918 

April 15, 1949 

1949 

Military Quartermaster Coips: 

502B 

PB 99188 

September 1949 

636 

MIL-C-10325 

May 29, 1950 


38 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


39 


Military Ships: 

538A MIL-C-881 

632A MIL-R-15074 

694 MIL-C-16045 

695 MIL-C-16161 

747 P-R-791 


Navy Aero: 

105 

RM-70 

153 

C-67d 

154 

C-113 

198 

C-114 

199 

C-109a 

200 

C-118 

201 

C-86b 

201A 

RM-70 

20 IB 

C-120 

297A 

C-86c 

342A 

C-147 

342B 

NAVAER 


C- 109b 

394A 

NAVAER 


C-152 


October 1, 1949 
March 15, 1950 
March 19, 1951 
June 1, 1951 
March 31, 1952 


February 7, 1938 
September 23, 1941 
September 22, 1941 
March 10, 1942 
March 31, 1942 
May 16, 1942 
J une 24, 1942 
June 27, 1942 
August 24, 1942 
April 5, 1944 
June 11. 1945 

October 9, 1945 

July 29, 1946 


Ordnance: 

244 TM 38-305 
315B AN-T-37a 
315C TAC-ES-398b 
315D TAC-ES-542b 


Quartermaster Corps: 

286A 
344A 
397A 
545 


Rock Island Arsenal: 

398 32864 


August 1, 1943 
November 26, 1945 
February 22, 1945 
February 22, 1945 


April 1946 


Tank-Automotive Center: 


146 

165 

213 

264 

265 
315E 


ES-382a 
ES-452a 
ES-43 lb 
TAC ES-645a 
TAC ES-542b 
TAC ES-734b 


February 6, 1941 
February 6, 1941 
August 7, 1942 
March 17, 1943 
May 1, 1943 
February 22, 1945 


Naval Aircraft Factory: 

131A C-97 June 7, 1940 


Tentative 1009 October 24, 1944 
Tentative 1038 October 3, 1945 
Tentative 220 July 12, 1946 
OQMG 220A April 18, 1949 


Navy Department: 

439 A 5lC55b 
640 51C65 


October 1, 1947 
May 24, 1950 


War Department: 

450A TM 9-850 


June 1947 


PATENT INDEX 


Austrian 


Italian 


United States 


166,058: 574A 

172,954: 746 

462,459: 675B 

466,269: 703B 

468,080: 674A 

468,167: 699A 

2,476,286: 504B 
2,480,845: 510D 
2,515,934: 666A 
2,554,358: 671B 


fi riti <th 

2,558,167: 670A 

659,933: 504C 

Japanese 

2,566,298: 68IE 
2,566,716: 670B 

318: 848 

2,567,456: 713A 


3085: 799 

2,569,158: 676C 

Dutch 

1906: 753 

2,570,174: 712A 

71,770: 787 

2408: 767 

2,571,956: 705A 

4857: 758 

2,576,419: 704B 


5311: 713A 

2,583,165: 725 

French 

Swiss 

2,585,127: 739 
2,585,165: 757 

966,785: 595B 

2,587,777: 768 

269,804: 639B 

2,593,259: 724 


273,080: 703A 

2,595,411: 763 

German 

273,347: 702D 

2,598,949: 782 

805,341: ™2C 

273,348: 675A 

2,599,729: 765 



40 


BIBLIOGRAPHY ON METAL CLEANING 


2 , 601,863 

752 

2 , 601,864 

738 

2 , 605,224 

741 

2 , 606,155 

737 

2 , 606,873 

726 

2 , 608,980 

769 

2 , 613,186 

758 

2 , 615,840 

727 

2 , 616,856 

764 

2 , 618,577 

721 

2 , 625,495 

796 


2 , 626,224 

819 

2 , 627,148 

829 

2 , 628,199 

828 

2 , 628,924 

816 

2 , 629,696 

800 

2 , 630,393 

807 

2 , 631,950 

845 

2 , 632,718 

793 

2 , 632,730 

790 

2 , 635,063 

801 

2 , 637,634 

814 


2 , 641 , 559 : 838 
2 , 643 , 222 : 797 
2 , 643 , 961 : 851 
2 , 653 , 134 : 799 
2 , 653 , 882 : 855 
2 , 654 , 682 : 856 
2 , 660 , 544 : 844 
2 , 661 , 314 : 798 
2,666,000: 859 
2,666,001: 863 
2 , 667 , 070 : 867 























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library of congress 



0 033 261 302 9 


This PUBLICATION is one of many 
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